Lead is a well known neurotoxin. It’s also a common pollutant. New research estimates the toll that those two truths, combined, have had on Americans’ mental health. Between 1940 and 2015, childhood lead exposure (specifically from the use of leaded gasoline) resulted in about 151 million additional instances of psychiatric illness that wouldn’t have otherwise occurred, according to the study published December 4 in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. The authors came to that conclusion by applying findings from previously published work to a model of the entire U.S.. 

“Writ large, across the population, we’ve shifted the curve away from normal, healthy functioning and towards greater rates of mental illness,” says Aaron Reuben, a study co-author and clinical neuropsychologist at the University of Virginia, where he’s an incoming assistant professor of psychology. 

Currently, lead is found in industrial emissions, water lines, paint, and contaminated foods and consumer products. But for decades it was also a gasoline additive. Between the early 1920s and 1980s, much of the gasoline used in the U.S. was leaded. (Though usage peaked in the 1970s, it wasn’t banned as a passenger car fuel additive in the U.S. until 1996, and it’s still used in some aircraft and off road vehicle fuels). 

All that fuel, burned up by all those miles driven, made lead pervasive in the air and soil and constituted the single largest exposure source of lead for more than a generation. 

The most up-to-date science states that no level of lead exposure is safe–especially during childhood when the toxic metal causes developmental mayhem. “We know from about 100 years of evidence from human and animal studies that lead is harmful for almost every organ system that we’ve studied, and we know it’s particularly harmful to the developing brain,” says Reuben. 

Yet some level of exposure in the present day is unavoidable. Accordingly, the CDC has set a blood reference level for identifying children with high exposure relative to the rest of the population at 3.5 micrograms per deciliter, lowered from 5 mcg/dL in 2021.

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However, more than 170 million people in the U.S.–over half the country’s current population–experienced childhood exposure to lead at dangerous levels, higher than that old, lax 5 mcg/dL reference value, per a 2022 analysis from Reuben and colleagues. The researchers derived this estimate from stats on leaded gasoline consumption and nationally representative blood-lead level survey data. In that same 2022 study, they determined lead pollution had cost Americans approximately a collective 824 million IQ points. 

Admittedly, IQ is a deeply flawed metric. But it is one of the best measures we have to understand population-level responses to something like environmental contamination. In this case, the researchers weren’t comparing individuals to one another, but rather people to themselves under a theoretical, different environmental condition. And, regardless, the science is clear: lead damages the brain and diminishes cognitive function. 

The authors based their new analysis off of this and other previously published research. They combined past work quantifying the levels of lead exposure incurred by different U.S. age cohorts as environmental policy shifted, with associative studies of smaller groups that tracked childhood lead levels and the subsequent development of certain maladaptive personality traits, mental illness symptoms, and diagnoses later in life.

They did not conduct any new data collection or monitoring. Nor did they look at mental health or personality trait trends through time across the whole population. Instead, they used past, small-scale findings to model approximate, nationwide effects, assuming those prior studies were representative of the wider population. 

Using a metric of mental health similar to IQ points, called “General Psychopathology factor points,” they found that leaded gasoline and the corresponding childhood lead exposure caused a gain of 602 million GP points over the 75-year study period, among the U.S. population. Contrary to the IQ scale, a higher GP score is considered worse, as it translates to an increase in mental illness symptoms and their severity. Population-wide symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD symptoms also increased, due to lead exposure, according to Reuben and his co-authors. 

[ Related: Leaded gas may have lowered the IQ of 170 million US adults ]

Beyond these markers of clinical mental disorders, the new analysis further determined that early life lead exposure has altered the average U.S. personality. Again, they used previously published studies which tracked adult personality traits in relation to childhood lead exposure levels in a cohort, and modeled that data across the U.S. population. Due to childhood lead poisoning, the research suggests that Americans, overall,  are less conscientious and more neurotic. 

All of the above trends in mental health and personality vary in intensity depending on birth cohort, per the study, as leaded gasoline use, and thus lead exposure, has fluctuated with changing environmental regulations. Because leaded gasoline consumption ramped up rapidly in the 1960s and reached its highest level in the 1970s, the effects noted by the new research are most pronounced for those born between 1966 and 1986 (Generation X) who experienced the highest estimated levels of lead exposure between ages 0 and 5 years. 

For most Gen X-er’s across the U.S., the lead exposure they incurred as children probably didn’t lead to obvious, individual changes. But the new research demonstrates that, big picture, lead pollution has had serious national consequences. “Our takeaway is that, even though these exposures went unnoticed for most people, they undoubtedly influenced their mental health. They made life just a little bit harder for some and a lot harder for others.”

Though the exact mechanisms aren’t yet entirely understood, it’s well-established that lead disrupts multiple physiological processes, says Bruce Lanphear a professor of health sciences at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia who wasn’t involved in the new research. Lead, he explains, can replace calcium–a critical neurotransmitter and necessary mineral–in biological reactions. Prior research has also found that lead interferes with the brain’s dopamine system, he notes. Lanphear has spent decades studying lead poisoning as a population health scientist, and as a result he says he was utterly unsurprised by the findings. “There’s no question in my mind that lead has had a huge impact on mental health over the past two or three generations,” Lanphear says.  

The new study has some big limitations. For instance it relies on very strong correlational evidence as a proxy for causational studies and it formally evaluates just a handful of datasets. Plus, by focusing on the role of leaded gasoline alone, it ignores other potential sources of childhood lead exposure like paint dust and drinking water, which could mean the research is actually an underestimate of the problem. But the authors acknowledge these weaknesses and “overall, I think they presented the data fairly,” says Lanphear. 

By combining existing, narrow analysis into a broad population assessment, the study researchers have gotten us closer to understanding the global burden of disease and total societal damage wrought by lead pollution. “That’s really the novel part of this: helping people appreciate the impact over time,” he adds. Lanphear hopes that studies like this will bring more attention to the outsized and understudied role that environmental exposures have on health and well-being. 

Despite ever-tightening restrictions on lead, about one-third of children worldwide still suffer from high blood-lead levels. Even in the U.S., most people continue to be exposed to lead levels hundreds of times higher than natural background levels, says Reuben. “It’s making life harder for all of us, and that goes unnoticed and untreated,” he says. 

But turning the tides and reducing damage to future generations is possible. “We need to replace our lead service lines. We need to stop putting lead into paint. We need to finally finish removing lead from fuel sources,” Reuben says. And with more awareness, perhaps childhood lead tests will become more common, he adds, allowing families to identify and eliminate harmful exposure sources earlier. “There’s lots you can do when you start to actually look the problem in the face.”

The post Childhood lead exposure damaged Americans’ mental health appeared first on Popular Science.

Two New York City subcommittees approved a modified version of the City of Yes zoning reform plan proposed by Mayor Eric Adams, paving the way for its full approval, reports Eliza Relman in Business Insider. The plan includes zoning changes that will permit accessory dwelling units (ADUs) in more parts of the city.

The modified plan would allow for the building of around 20,000 ADUs over the next 15 years by permitting them in more residential neighborhoods, though it will still exclude “neighborhoods that allow only rowhouses or single-family detached homes.”

Housing advocates see ADUs as a tool for increasing the housing supply while alleviating concerns about unsustainable density. According to California YIMBY research director Nolan Gray, ADU legalization is “the beachhead for broader reform.” In California, where the state has been legalizing ADUs in various forms since 1982, the units made up 20 percent of new homes built in 2023.

• New York City
• ADUs
• Accessory Dwelling Units
• Zoning Reform
• Zoning
• City of Yes
• Housing Supply
• housing affordability
• Density

In Italia, i dati specifici sugli infortuni legati agli impatti accidentali su infrastrutture sotterranee non sono dettagliatamente separati nei report generali sugli infortuni sul lavoro.

Tuttavia, nel contesto degli incidenti sul lavoro, l'INAIL e altre fonti riportano una media di oltre 500.000 denunce di infortunio all'anno, con circa 1.000 esiti mortali, in molti settori lavorativi, inclusi quelli con rischio di interferenza con infrastrutture sotterranee.

Le attività di scavo e costruzione sono particolarmente sensibili a questi rischi. Secondo l'INAIL, i settori edile e delle costruzioni rappresentano una quota significativa degli infortuni, soprattutto quando si lavora in prossimità di infrastrutture sotterranee. Progetti per migliorare la sicurezza includono l'uso di tecnologie di mappatura e la promozione di protocolli di sicurezza avanzati, come il sistema "One Call" per il tracciamento delle infrastrutture interrate, già diffuso in altre nazioni.

Una interessante dimostrazione del sistema One Call è riportato nel progetto Subsurface Utility Map Data Exchange (SUMDEx), una iniziativa che consente la condivisione bidirezionale senza interruzioni di

Building a smart home can be rewarding, but knowing which pieces to get (and in what order) can be daunting. If you’re the techy one in your family, save your family and friends the stress by getting them smart-home gifts they’re actually going to use. Whether they’re interested in home security or just want to be able to turn on their lights without having to flick a switch, we’ve got the right recommendations.

Amazon

Smart-home accessories can always be controlled using an app on an iPhone or Android phone, but it’s a lot cooler to use your voice instead. The Amazon Echo smart speaker lets you control smart-home accessories using Alexa, Amazon’s smart-home assistant. Once everything is configured, you can say commands like “Alexa, turn off bedroom lights,” and watch as the smart light bulbs (more on them next) shut down. Alexa can also be used to set timers, play music, get answers to questions, and even send audio messages to other Echo speakers.

Yale

Few smart home devices offer the sheer convenience upgrade that comes with a smart lock. This smart door lock can remotely indicate whether or not the door is locked, so no more worrying when you leave the house. If the door does happen to be unlocked, this smart setup can lock it with a single tap. The Assure Lock 2 can also be unlocked using a programmed code, fingerprint, or physical key. One of the best reasons to gift a smart door lock is the additional peace of mind that comes with it. Your giftee will get a notification each time their door has been unlocked—and by whom, if they’re using a specific numeric code—so they’ll know if someone has gotten inside. Yale also offers a Lever Lock smart lock, in case their door is configured that way.

GE

Smart light bulbs are the most practical smart-home gift you can give because they’re the easiest to install. This two-pack of smart light bulbs from GE’s Cync line will screw into any standard-sized light fixture without any adapters or special tools. Once they’re installed, the lights can be turned on and off, dimmed, or set to one of up to four million colors using the Cync app. One underrated feature is the ability to turn lights on and off at a set schedule, which comes in handy if you install the light bulbs outdoors and want them to turn on and off at dusk and dawn, respectively.

Google

A smart-home gift should have a material impact on the person you’re giving it to, and the latest generation of Nest’s Learning Thermostat checks that box. The thermostat can be controlled via a smartphone app, but its best feature is its ability to learn when you’re home and when you’re not. This allows it to manage your HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system as efficiently as possible. By running your heating and cooling systems less often, this thermostat could help lower the utility bill. This generation of the Nest Learning Thermostat comes with a temperature sensor. If you have a room that’s always too hot or cool, this sensor can help the thermostat know when that room needs a little more attention.

Eureka

Nobody wants to clean their floors, and you can spare someone in your life from having to do that chore ever again with Eureka’s J20. The robot vacuum and mop will scan the entire floor of a home and intelligently clean it as efficiently as possible. The J20 can be set to run on a set schedule or begin a cleaning session on command, all through Eureka’s app. The best part is that it’ll automatically return to its charging dock when its dust or water tank gets too dirty. This automatic emptying system makes cleaning the J20 as hands-free as possible. This is an ultra-luxe gift, but one that’ll save the person you gift it to a lot of time each week.

Ring

Ring’s Battery Doorbell Plus is another excellent smart-home security gift to give this holiday season. The HD camera will alert the owner’s smartphone each time its motion sensor is tripped or its button is pushed. A microphone and speaker system will allow them to communicate with whoever’s at the front door. The camera can record video in 1536P (better than high definition) and capture a taller field of view. A night vision mode is turned on automatically once the sun goes down to ensure it captures a clear picture 24 hours a day. We choose the Battery Doorbell Plus as a gift over other Ring models because it doesn’t require existing doorbell wiring for installation.

Blink

Our final smart-home security gift recommendation is a pair of Blink’s Indoor Wireless Security Cameras. These battery-powered cameras can be installed out of sight, so anyone snooping around will be less likely to notice them. Each camera runs on a pair of AA batteries, and Blink says they can run for up to two years without being swapped out. The Blink cameras will notify the owner each time their motion sensor has been tripped. A microphone and speaker system will allow them to speak with anyone in their home at any time, too. Blink offers its smart security cameras in larger bundles, which may be necessary in larger homes, but this set of two is perfect for keeping an eye on the front and back doors.

TP-Link

If you know someone who likes the idea of a smart home but doesn’t feel comfortable replacing their perfectly fine appliances and gadgets with newer models, get them this four-pack of smart plugs. This accessory will allow them to turn whatever is plugged into them on or off. This could mean turning on the coffee maker when they get up in the morning or a lamp across the room when they want to read in the evenings. TP-Link designed its smart plugs to be small enough that two could be used next to one another. Smart plugs require a little creativity to use effectively, but the possibilities they offer are part of what makes them a great gift.

GE

GE’s Profile Smart Indoor Smoker is the high-tech kitchen gadget your friend or family member didn’t know they needed. The pellet smoker intelligently and automatically manages smoke inside the smoker using fans while spent pellets fall into a water bath. This system keeps the smell of smoke from getting out while bathing the food in it. Presets for different types of food (wings, ribs, brisket) make it easy to dial in the appropriate settings for whatever you’re cooking. However, you can control the smoker’s temperature, time, and smoke level manually. This smoker works with GE’s SmartHQ smartphone app, which allows you to start and monitor cooks remotely.

Breville

Breville’s Smart Oven Air Fryer Pro is the ultimate countertop appliance, and it’ll immediately become the sous chef for anyone you gift it to. The smart oven has specific modes for both cooking styles (baking, broiling, toasting, proofing, air frying) and foods (cookies and pizza,) so it can be used in almost any situation. Breville says it designed this smart oven to cook foods in 30 percent less time by independently controlling six quartz elements. The Air Fryer Pro works with the Breville+ app, which offers over 1,000 guided recipes. This countertop appliance is so powerful that your giftee may not have to turn their full-sized oven on more than a handful of times yearly.

Rachio

We all know someone obsessed with keeping their lawn in pristine shape, and you can lend them a hand by gifting the Rachio 3. This 8-Zone Smart Sprinkler Controller will allow them to intelligently and independently manage the sprinklers in different parts of their lawn. Rachio’s app will tell them the current soil moisture percentage, along with the last time that sprinkler system has been run. Once they’re armed with that information, they can start or schedule the sprinklers to go off as appropriate. The Rachio 3’s best feature is that it can keep track of the weather and skip scheduled waterings if it’s rained recently. The company says the Rachio 3 is compatible with 99 percent of existing sprinkler controllers and can be installed in about a half hour. Help your friend or family member have the healthiest lawn on the block without having to lift more than a finger.

Hisense

Hisense’s U8N is an incredible smart TV that deserves to be the crown jewel of any home theater system. The U8N runs on the Google TV operating system, allowing you to quickly access any major streaming services. Dedicated buttons on the TV’s remote allow you to launch the most popular services with the push of a button, great for all ages. The U8N supports Dolby Vision IQ HDR, so the colors of properly mastered movies, TV shows, and games will really pop. Dedicated IMAX and Filmmaker modes will allow you to see video the way producers and editors intended while making their movies and shows. The U8N’s 144Hz VRR (Variable Refresh Rate) panel makes the U8N an excellent choice for gamers who need the highest levels of fidelity to play games at top speed. Hisense even built a 2.1.2 speaker system in the TV, so both stereo and Dolby Atmos audio sounds great. Anyone using an older TV or smaller screen will be blown away by what Hisense’s U8N has to offer.

The post 12 smart-home gifts that people actually want appeared first on Popular Science.

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Scientists are working to develop devices that can harness waste heat from buildings and industrial uses to produce energy. As Muhammad Muddasar explains in The Conversation, most existing thermoelectric materials used to make such devices contain cadmium, lead, or mercury, toxic and often expensive substances.

Muddasar and other researchers at the University of Limerick and the University of Valencia have discovered a way to use wood-derived materials to convert waste heat. “This approach not only enhances energy efficiency, but also redefines how we view everyday materials as essential components of sustainable energy solutions.”

The research team used lignin, a byproduct of the paper industry, to convert low-temperature waste heat into electricity. “Since around 66% of industrial waste heat falls within this temperature range, this innovation presents a significant opportunity for eco-friendly energy solutions.”

In addition to capturing energy, thermoelectricity also requires storage solutions. Lignin-based porous carbon can also be used in supercapacitors to store energy. According to Muddasar, “This technology could find use in various settings, from providing power in remote areas to powering sensors and devices in everyday applications.”

• Waste Heat
• Waste heat recovery
• thermoelectricity
• Renewable Energy
• Thermal Power
• Clean Energy
• Sustainability
• Decarbonization

New research from Stanford University economist Nicholas Bloom indicates that the structure of some of the largest U.S. cities remains fundamentally changed since the Covid-19 pandemic. Bloom has dubbed this the “donut effect,” referring to “the hollowing out of big-city financial districts, the rising attraction of surrounding areas, and the impacts on local economies.” 

Bloom and his team conclude that downtown economies are not, in fact, bouncing back after the pandemic. According to Bloom, the 12 largest U.S. cities have lost 8 percent of their downtown residents, with two-thirds of those households migrating to suburbs. There was also an attendant drop in the number in businesses in downtowns in major metro areas. “The reason, according to the study’s authors, is because of the staying power of working from home – particularly for high-skilled workers who made up the bulk of downtown exits during the pandemic.”

This means a sharp drop in tax revenue and economic activity for cities, where officials must make difficult decisions to accommodate lower budgets. For public transit agencies, changes in travel patterns have led to sometimes devastating cuts in budgets and service.

Bloom points to one potential benefit of the effect, provided that housing costs go down. “As essential workers and others with lower-paying, in-person jobs get priced out of the suburbs, they might be able to afford living again in the big cities where they need to be every day.”

The donut effect is notably absent or limited in small and medium-sized cities, where more jobs require in-person attendance and housing costs are lower.

• Downtowns
• Donut Effect
• Central Business Districts
• Central Business Districts
• Suburbs
• covid-19
• Remote Work

Terre Haute, Indiana is making public transit fare-free as of January 2, reports Ethan Sandweiss for Indiana Public Media.

According to the city, fare revenue currently covers less than 5 percent of operating costs, while ridership increases by as much as 50 percent on days when rides are free. For transportation director Debbie Hensley, this — and the drop in ridership since the pandemic — signals that the benefits of free transit will outweigh the cost. 

Sandweiss adds that eliminating fares also improves the efficiency of the service and reduces the chance of altercations between riders and operators. 

• terre haute
• Public Transit
• Free Transit
• Transit Fares
• Fare-Free Transit

An autonomous drone is usually only as good as its GPS navigation system. Without it, the uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are essentially dead in the air unless a human can remotely take over piloting duties. This is especially problematic given the rise in drone GPS jamming attacks. Instead of trying to develop increasingly advanced and costly navigation technologies, one research team is turning to one of humanity’s oldest mapping methods: charting the stars.

Remote sensing engineers at the University of South Australia have built a new, low cost prototype system that merges celestial triangulation with vision-based algorithmic computing for UAVs flying at night. But unlike existing GPS, the novel design doesn’t emit any signals, making it impervious to current jamming methods.

“Celestial navigation is rarely seen in modern Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The size and weight of a stabilized imaging system, and the lack of precision, tend to be at odds with the operational requirements of the aircraft,” the team explained in their paper published in the journal, Drones. “Nonetheless, celestial navigation is one of the few non-emissive modalities that enables global navigation over the ocean at night in [a] Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) denied environment.”

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To make it work, engineers designed and constructed a strapdown payload using only a Raspberry Pi 5 miniature computer and a monochrome sensor fitted with a wide angle lens. They then connected the tool to a fixed-wing drone’s onboard autonomous piloting system, where it captured and algorithmically analyzed visual data taken from stars seen at night.

“If we’re able to identify those stars and compare them against a database, given that we know the orientation the camera was facing and the point in time at which that image was taken, we can actually infer the location of the aircraft from that data,” explained Samuel Teague, a research assistant and study co-author, in an accompanying university video.

Teague and senior researcher, Javaan Chahl, tested their system with a UAV, and showed that their drone upgrade allowed it to consistently estimate its location to within an accuracy of 4 km (roughly 2.48 mi) while performing fixed altitude and airspeed orbits. While not currently as precise as modern GPS, the tool may still soon provide a powerful backup in the event of jamming or malfunction. It also still requires a clear sky to assess its surroundings, although the team believes additional research could address this issue, as well.

Apart from combat environments and longterm surveillance missions, Teague and Chahl hope their cheap, star-based UAV attachment can also help when flying over oceans, or for monitoring remote environmental conditions.

The post Drones can avoid GPS jammers by navigating with the stars appeared first on Popular Science.

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The Washington, D.C.-area Capital Bikeshare (CaBi) system is seeing record-breaking ridership, with the number of rides jumping almost 50 percent between October 2023 and October 2024.

According to a piece in Greater Greater Washington by David Meyer, “The growth is driven in part by local governments’ investment in new e-bikes, which began to make up a majority of CaBi rides in August. Members, who are more likely to be local, account for 66.6% of all rides—a sign of the system’s utility as a go-to commuting and transportation source for locals, not tourists.”

However, Meyer points out that the system still has some “regional deficiencies,” making some parts of the network more aesthetic than useful. “In DC, Mayor Muriel Bowser has pledged to put a bikeshare station within a quarter-mile of every resident’s home, a promise not matched by local lawmakers in many other parts of the region. As a result, walkable communities outside the District often lack the requisite CaBi station density required to make bikeshare a viable transportation option.”

Meyer suggests that CaBi should take a hard look at its governance model and perhaps take a more regional approach to strengthening the entire system and ensuring there are enough stations and bikes to serve outlying areas. Bringing CaBi under the umbrella of the regional transit agency could have advantages: “Treating CaBi as public transit could transform it from an amenity to a necessity in parts of the region where bikeshare doesn’t perform well at the moment.” However, it could also make the system more vulnerable to transit funding cuts. 

• Capital Bikeshare
• bike share
• Bikeshare
• cabi
• Shared Mobility
• Micromobility
• E-Bikes
• Public Transit