We chose XGIMI’s Horizon Ultra as the best 4K projector you can get after conducting hands-on testing, and stand by that assessment nearly a year later. Right now, you can get the Horizon Pro for $250 less than normal thanks to a discount during Amazon’s October Prime Day (aka Prime Big Deal Days) sale. This deal is available to everyone, but XGIMI’ss other projector deals do require an active Prime subscription. Remember, if you don’t have an active Amazon Prime subscription, you can sign up for a free, 30-day trial here.

What sets the Horizon Ultra apart from other 4K projectors is the overall quality of both the picture it creates and its physical design. A cover shields the projector’s lens from scratches and dust, and it slowly lowers each time you turn the Horizon Ultra on. This little gesture never gets old. I played video games and watched dozens of TV shows, movies, and YouTube videos during my tests, and the Horizon Ultra created a crisp, bright image every single time. Its 2300 ISO Lumen bulb was bright enough that I could use the projector in a room with moderate light leakage. This Horizon Ultra looked best when watching videos at night, but it’s nice to know that you can use it during the day, too.

XGIMI partnered with Harman Kardon for this projector’s speaker system, which was so good I never felt the need to hook the projector up to an AV receiver or external speakers. If I was setting up a permanent home theater system, I would take advantage of the Horizon Ultra’s HDMI ARC (Audio Return Channel) port to hook the projector up to a surround sound system, though. If you watch the latest shows or play high-end games you’ll be able to take advantage of this projector’s support for Dolby Vision HDR, which made images really pop in our testing. If you’ve been considering getting a 4K projector for your home theater system, we can’t recommend XGIMI’s Horizon Ultra enough—that’s especially true while it’s on sale for Prime Day.

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The post The best 4K projector we have tested is marked down to its lowest price ever during Prime Day appeared first on Popular Science.

Some of Earth’s most famous dinosaurs once called what is now the western United States home. However, dinosaurs including the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex and sturdy Triceratops, were not the only types of animals roaming the region 68 million years ago. They lived alongside two newly described species of bird called Avisaurus darwini and Magnusavis ekalakaenis. These early avians were about the size of a hawk and had strong enough feet to capture and carry off prey–possibly even small dinosaurs. The new species are described in a study published October 9 in the journal PLoS ONE.

“Based on clues in their foot bones, we think these birds would have been able to catch and carry prey, similar to what a modern hawk or owl does,” study co-author and University of Chicago PhD student Alex Clark said in a statement. “While they might not be the first birds of prey to ever evolve, their fossils are the earliest known examples of predatory birds.”

[Related: ‘Deep-snouted’ tyrannosaur fossils uncovered at construction site.]

The three fossils in this new study were recently uncovered in the Hell Creek Formation. This fossil-rich area in present day Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota was formed by ancient rivers that flowed from the Rocky Mountains into a large interior seaway. It was home to T. rex, triceratops, the stocky and fiesty Ankylosaur, and more before most dinosaurs went extinct about 68 million years ago. 

When Clark first saw these fossils, they didn’t immediately jump out as something special. All three were just the part of the foot bone where the toes attach called the tarsometatarsus. The fossils had also been found on their own, without other body parts like claws or skulls. While the bones were pretty big for bird tarsometatarsi, they were still only about the size of an adult human thumb. Still, these bones held a ton of very useful data for the team.

“Every nook and cranny and bump that occurs on a bone can tell us something about where the muscles or tendons attached and how big they were,” said Clark. 

There was a particularly noteworthy bump on these bones–a muscle attachment point called a tubercle. The tubercle was larger and farther down than in most birds. 

“When we see tubercles this large and this far down in modern birds, they’re in birds of prey like owls and hawks,” said Clark. “That’s because when they hunt and pick up their prey with their feet, they’re lifting proportionally heavy things and holding them close to their bodies to stay as aerodynamically efficient as possible. These fossil ankle bones look like they’re built to do something similar.”

In the study, Clark and the team conducted several biomechanical analyses comparing the fossil foot bones to those of a variety of modern birds. According to Clark, the muscles of the bone and ankle work together like a lever. Comparing how far down the bone the muscle attaches can give scientists a solid idea of how strong the bone would have been and how it moved. The analyses revealed these feet would have been strong enough for these birds to pick up small mammals and potentially baby dinosaurs.

[Related: The first true flying vertebrates walked before they could soar.]

From the three foot bones, the team described two species new to science that are bigger than other known birds from the Late Cretaceous. Avisaurus darwini is named after Charles Darwin estimated to have weighed over 2.2 pounds. Magnusavis ekalakaenis is named in honor of Ekalaka, Montana, where the fossil was first uncovered. It is possible that the third bone may belong to another species, but it is very degraded and has made it difficult to tell. 

All of these birds are members of the group called Avisaurids. They also belong to a larger group of birds called the enantiornithines. They date back to the Cretaceous Period and went extinct with most of their fellow dinosaurs when an asteroid struck the Earth near present day Mexico about 68 million years ago.

“These discoveries have effectively doubled the number of bird species known from the Hell Creek Formation and will be critical for helping us to better understand why only some birds survived the mass extinction that wiped out T. rex and the avisaurids described here,” Jingmai O’Connor, a study co-author and associate curator of fossil reptiles at the Field Museum in Chicago, said in a statement. “Alex has done a superb job with being able to extract so much incredible ecological information from just a single bone.”

The post With fearsome feet, hawk-sized Cretaceous birds could scoop up baby dinos appeared first on Popular Science.

Getting into arguments with strangers online or family members at the dinner table can feel a bit like debating with a brick wall. We are probably all guilty of feeling like we are right, even if we don’t have all the facts. According to a recent psychology study, people tend to assume that they have all of the information that they need to make a decision or support their position–even if they don’t. This phenomenon dubbed the “illusion of information adequacy” is detailed in a study published October 9 in the journal PLoS ONE.

“Interpersonal conflict is on the rise, driving increases in anger, anxiety, and general stress,” Angus Fletcher, a study co-author and narrative theorist and neurophysiologist at the Ohio State University, tells Popular Science. “We wanted to look into those misunderstandings and see if they could be mitigated.”

In the study, the team from Ohio State, Stanford University, and Johns Hopkins University surveyed 1,261 Americans online. All of the participants read an article about a fictional school that did not have adequate water. 

Group one read an article that only gave reasons why the school should merge with another that has better water. Group two read an article that only gave reasons for the schools staying separate and hoping for other solutions to the problem. Group three was the control group that read all of the arguments for the schools merging and staying separate. 

[Related: The biggest consumers of fake news may benefit from this one tech intervention.]

They found that the majority of the two groups who only read the pro-merging or anti-merging arguments still believed that they had enough information to make a good decision about what to do. Most said that they would follow the recommendations in the article they read. 

Those who read the “pro-merge” article were significantly more likely to recommend that the schools merge, while the “pro-separation” participants were significantly more likely to recommend that the schools remain separate. About 55 percent of the control group recommended the schools merge.

The participants who had half the information also said that they thought most other people would make the same decision they did. 

The team calls this belief that we are correct–even when we don’t have all of the information–the illusion of adequacy.

Fletcher describes the illusion of adequacy as, “The less that our brain knows, the more confident it is that it knows all it needs to know. This makes us prone to thinking that we have all the crucial facts about a decision, leaping to confident conclusions and decisive judgments, when we are missing necessary information.”

[Related: The real reason people share so much fake news on social media.]

These findings also offer a complement to a field of research on naïve realism. This is the belief that an individual’s subjective understanding of a situation is the objective truth. Studies on naïve realism usually focus on how people can have a different understanding of the same situation. However, the illusion of information adequacy shows that people may share the same understanding, if they both have enough information. 

The team found that some of those participants were willing to change their minds about their decision–once they had all the facts. The mix of opinions after hearing both sides was comparable to the control group–about 55 percent to 45 percent. 

“If you give people a few pieces of information that seems to line up, most will say ‘that sounds about right’ and go with that,” says Fletcher. 

Timing also plays a role. The main caveat is that the people in the study changed their minds about opinions that were recently formed. These were not ideas that had become deeply entrenched. For example, a second study conducted by this research group that centered on the death penalty was abandoned.

According to Fletcher, one of the best ways to fight the illusion of information adequacy when disagreeing with someone is to stop and ask, “Is there something that I’m missing that would help me see their perspective and understand their position better?”

“This can help eliminate unnecessary interpersonal conflict, allowing us to focus our energy on working through substantive differences between ourselves and others,” says Fletcher.

The post Why people insist they’re correct without all the facts appeared first on Popular Science.

President Biden announced a 10-year deadline (starting three years from now) for U.S. cities to replace lead pipes in an effort to ensure safe drinking water, according to a report by Matthew Daly and Michael Phillis for the Associated Press. The rule replaces a less stringent standard set by the previous administration that did not require replacing lead pipes.

According to the EPA, the changes mandated by the new rule could prevent up to 900,000 infants from having low birth weight and avoid up to 1,500 premature deaths per year.

The new rule limits lead to levels of 10 parts per billion, down from 15 parts per billion previously. The rule also calls for cities to notify the public if higher levels of lead are found and to provide ways to limit lead exposure.

The cost of replacing lead pipes can be extremely high. In addition to $15 billion allocated to the issue in the 2021 infrastructure law, the administration is making another $2.6 billion available for drinking water infrastructure.

• lead pipes
• Water Quality
• Public Health
• Drinking Water
• Water Infrasrtucture

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In a unanimous decision by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, the “Old Glory” oak tree in Stevenson Ranch has been officially designated as a historic landmark. The tree, believed to be around 400 years old, was saved from destruction in 2002 after environmental activist John Quigley protested its removal by living in its branches for 71 days. Despite the challenges of relocation in 2004, the tree now thrives in Pico Canyon Park and stands as a symbol of resilience and community spirit.

As reported by Jake Rodriguez, the push for landmark status was led by the Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment (SCOPE), which successfully gathered community support and petition signatures.  Local advocates, including SCOPE president Lynne Plambeck, see the recognition as a meaningful step toward preserving the area's ecological heritage.

While “Old Glory” has been saved, advocates stress the need for stronger protections for other historic trees in the region. They call for more rigorous conservation efforts to prevent the loss of irreplaceable natural landmarks, citing the destruction of other significant trees in Los Angeles, like the Encino Oak Tree and the Wisdom Tree in Griffith Park, as reminders of the importance of preservation.

• Historic Landmark

The Gila River Indian Community in Arizona activated the first solar-over-canal renewable energy project in the country, reports Shondiin Silversmith in the Arizona Mirror. It is the first phase in the Pima-Maricopa Irrigation Project Renewable Energy Pilot Project.

“The project spans over 2,700 linear feet of the Casa Blanca Canal, which is located along Interstate 10 near Sacaton” and, according to the tribe, “represents a groundbreaking solution to the intertwined crises of energy, water and climate change, specifically addressing the unique needs of the Gila River Indian Community, the State of Arizona, the southwest region and the Colorado River Basin.”

The project reduces water evaporation and maintenance requirements for the canal while producing energy and helping the tribe move toward a carbon-neutral energy footprint. The tribe is planning to expand the project to more portions of the local irrigation system.

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• Solar Panels
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Whether you’re a seasoned flowchart pro or just starting your journey into visual communication, Microsoft Visio 2021 Professional for Windows offers a comprehensive toolkit to empower individuals and teams to create informative diagrams, flowcharts, floor plans, and more.

Currently on sale at over $200 off, the 2021 version of Visio helps with inspiration by providing an extensive library of pre-made templates and shapes catering to diverse diagramming needs. Visio brings forth everything from basic flowcharts and organizational charts to complex network diagrams and mind maps. With a user-friendly drag-and-drop interface, crafting visually appealing diagrams is intuitive, allowing you to focus on conveying your message effectively.

Rated 5/5 stars by verified purchasers and integrated with the broader Microsoft ecosystem, the software is straightforward to use with programs you already use. This integration allows for the easy insertion of diagrams into Word documents, PowerPoint presentations, and Excel spreadsheets, enhancing your documents’ visual appeal and comprehensiveness.

It also seamlessly pairs with Microsoft Teams and SharePoint, enabling users to work together on diagrams in real time, fostering teamwork, and ensuring all stakeholders are on the same page. This collaborative feature is a game-changer, especially for remote teams and organizations across different locations.

If you’re a pro, Visio goes beyond the fundamental diagramming features, offering advanced functionalities for power users. Create database visualizations using built-in database model diagrams, leverage information rights management for enhanced security, and utilize the visual refresh for a modern, streamlined user experience.

With cloud connectivity, Visio users can save diagrams on OneDrive or SharePoint, allowing easy access from any location. This feature enhances mobility and provides a secure way to store and share sensitive information. The visual possibilities are endless.

Regularly priced at $249, Microsoft Visio 2021 Professional for Windows can be yours today for $17.97 with no coupon code required. 

StackSocial prices are subject to change.  

The post Get Microsoft Visio for Windows for less than $20 with this deal appeared first on Popular Science.

The Tropicana received a very traditional Las Vegas farewell in the early hours of October 9th. At 5:30AM EST, the historic hotel and casino collapsed in seconds during a controlled demolition involving nearly 2,200 lbs of explosives strategically placed throughout the landmark’s pair of 23-story towers. A grand total of 917,400 square feet of steel and concrete fell to make way for a new Major League Baseball stadium that will host the city’s recently acquired A’s team, as well as a new resort overseen by the Vegas casino-entertainment company veterans at Bally’s.

According to the official announcement, demo teams laid 22,000 lineal feet of detonating cord through both the Paradise and Club Towers prior to implosion. Experts also created 220 cut-point locations for Paradise’s 490 lbs of explosives, while Club’s 1,130 boreholes were packed with another 1,700 lbs of the material to ensure a smooth event. While no public viewing areas were available to maintain a safe environment, operators bid goodbye to the Tropicana with a massive fireworks display accompanied by a choreographed aerial show featuring 555 drones.

The Tropicana Las Vegas was a city mainstay since its opening in 1957, and was known for its South Beach-inspired aesthetics that earned it the nickname, “The Tiffany of the Strip.” At the time of its ribbon-cutting, “The Trop” housed the city’s largest casino.

The post Watch 2,200 pounds of explosives implode the Tropicana Las Vegas appeared first on Popular Science.

A study by Villanova University researchers Kabindra Shakya and Aimee Eggler reveals that air quality in downtown Philadelphia’s City Hall subway station is significantly worse than the street-level sidewalks in the same location.

As the authors explain in an article in The Conversation, “We focused on this station because our previous study found it to have the highest levels of particulate matter among 12 Philly subway stations we measured on the busy Market-Frankford or Broad Street lines.” They found 10 times more black carbon — also known as soot — in the station than outdoors, generated by the subway system itself.

“Limited access to outside air, the frequency of trains, a large number of passengers and its location in the heart of Center City may be some of the reasons for the high concentrations of particulate matter at the 15th Street station,” the authors add.

The city could improve air quality in the subway by replacing aging equipment and rails, adding platform screen doors, and increasing ventilation. However, the authors stress that they are not recommending people avoid the subway. “Air pollution levels are highly variable across stations and over time, and commuters spend relatively short periods of time inside subway stations.”

• Philadelphia
• Public Health
• Air Quality
• Subway
• Public Transit
• Transportation Planning
• Urban Planning
• SEPTA

The bees are having a rough go of it. Declining populations, parasitic wasps, and continued environmental degradation would be stressful situations for any species—and the planet’s vital pollinators appear to respond to pressure much like many humans do. New research published on October 9 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B from a team at Newcastle University suggests that just like us, bees are more likely to make pessimistic choices after being put through the ringer.

To test what happens when bees are under duress, the team first trained three groups of the female worker bumblebees to identify and associate different colors with varying outcomes—a blue LED screen represented a location with a sweeter reward, while green indicated a less favorable water solution. Once the bees understood each color’s reward amount, researchers then placed the groups in chambers with varying hues that fell in the spectrum between blue and green, then simulated a predatory attack for two groups, either by giving them a light shake or temporarily trapping them with a sponge-tipped robotic arm. Meanwhile, a third group faced no outside stress to act as a control.

The influence of stress on a bumblebee was unambiguous. In their results, the team concluded the perturbed bees were significantly less likely to interpret ambiguous colors as representing a better reward, and in turn, more frequently flew to lower reward locations than their control group.

[Related: Bumblebees carbo-load on the fly.]

“Our study shows that bees are more pessimistic after stress, as their behavior suggests that they do not expect to get rewards,” study co-author and animal behavior researcher Vivek Nityananda said in Newcastle University’s accompanying statement on Wednesday. Olga Procenko, the study’s lead author, equated the situation to “someone seeing the glass as ‘half empty,’” and expecting “negative outcomes.”

Nityananda went on to explain that while emotions are “complex states,” and for humans, involve a subjective understanding of feeling. But while we “might never know if bees feel something similar,” Nityananda concluded it’s clear that their decision making is influenced by stress towards making “pessimistic choices.”

The study’s results, according to Procenko, suggest that “states akin to emotion may be evolutionarily conserved.” Because of this further research may improve human understanding of the cognition and behavior of bees and other insect species can be affected by stress, be it environmental or human-induced. In doing so, better decisions can be made when it comes to implementing the best conservation solutions.

The post Stressed bees are pessimistic pollinators appeared first on Popular Science.

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Beyond our solar system, there’s a whole selection of planets unlike anything we see around the Sun. In the cosmic candy shop, there are Ring Pops (less magnificent versions of Saturn), Hot Tamales (Jupiter-like planets close to their stars and blazing hot), and even cotton candy planets (big puffy gas giants that actually have the density of the cotton candy you eat!). 

These extremely low density cotton candy exoplanets—known as super-puffs—are a big puzzle for astronomers trying to figure out how planets form. And, according to new research, some of them might not actually be so puffy after all.

“It’s very hard to form planets this fluffy,” says Yale astronomer Tiger Lu, lead author on the new work. “The standard idea of gas planet formation is that planets start as rocky cores, which then gravitationally attract and accrete gas from their surroundings…It turns out that in this standard model, it’s almost impossible to accrete enough gas to create the gas to rock ratio necessary for these cotton-candy like worlds.”

Super-puffs close to their stars are likely the result of the star heating up the planet’s atmosphere and fluffing it up. But there are a few strange super-puffs too far from their stars for this heating to work. One example is the planet HIP-41378 f, a gas giant with a three year orbit around an almost Sun-like star about 350 light years away from Earth. “None of the accepted puffing mechanisms are even remotely possible” for this world, explains Lu. 

It’s important to note that the supposed ultra-low densities of cotton candy worlds come from measurements of transit depth, the amount of light that a planet blocks when it passes in front of its star. This quantity is proportional to how big the planet is—a bigger planet blocks out more light, and vice versa. But what if the planet isn’t actually that big, and there’s something else in the way blocking out that light?

“Both rings and moons are common among sufficiently large planets in our Solar System,” explains Yoni Brande, a University of Kansas astronomer not involved in the new study. “So why shouldn’t we try and see if they can explain some of the weird exoplanet data we’ve already got?”

Lu’s work shows that HIP-41378 f has been kicked around by gravity, tilting it on its side and conveniently making the rings visible to us in a way that would make the planet appear bigger when it transits. “If the planet were not tilted, we would view these thin rings edge-on and barely be able to see them,” says Lu. 

Interestingly, planets really close to their stars couldn’t be tilted in the same way, meaning those particular super-puffs are likely explained by the more traditional ideas of heating instead of rings. “So, the further away a super-puff is from its host star the more likely the ring hypothesis is,” adds Lu.

These rings wouldn’t be quite as magnificent as Saturn’s iconic bands, though. To explain the observations of HIP 41378 f, you’d only need about half the size of Saturn’s rings. Plus, Saturn’s rings are icy, which makes them sparkle to create the recognizable ringed planet we know and love. HIP 41378 f, on the other hand, is in a much warmer part of its cosmic neighborhood, making its rings more likely rocky and therefore less bright and exciting.

As with most areas of astronomy, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is likely to make a huge impact here. The authors propose that JWST could actually test the hypothesis that this particular super-puff is actually a ringed, not-so-puffy planet in the coming years. And there are more super-puff observations in the works around other stars, too, to help unravel the mystery of these weird exoplanets. “While I don’t think any observations of HIP 41378 f are yet planned with JWST, some other similar super-puff planets have already been observed and those results should be announced fairly soon,” adds Brande.

The post What if ‘cotton candy’ planets are actually Ring Pops? appeared first on Popular Science.

Safe streets advocates have a simple starting point for making change to pedestrian infrastructure in their cities: taking a walk. As Edward Erfurt notes in a piece for Strong Towns, any effort to improve road safety starts with an evaluation of current conditions.

“The Strong Towns Crash Analysis Studio has helped residents of cities across North America review serious crashes in their communities,” Erfurt writes. The analyses brought to light oversights (for example, yield signs installed at four-way intersections rather than stop signs) and improper uses of road infrastructure.

According to Erfurt, “There is nothing more memorable and impactful than experiencing our communities with each other on foot. Something as simple as a walk allows us to have a conversation informed by the existing conditions, as well as letting us illustrate items like the economic benefits of pedestrian-friendly designs to local officials.”

A “walking audit” can offer a new perspective on a community and illuminate infrastructure needs. “In addition to members of the design team and traffic safety officials, a good audit will include a cross section of the municipality’s experts in areas such as engineering, planning, maintenance and law enforcement. It will also include any individual in the area known to have a disability or particular struggle that will be impacted by the design.”

• Pedestrian infrastructure
• Road Safety
• Traffic Safety
• Walking Audit
• Walking
• Safe Streets
• Complete Streets
• Urban Planning
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• Mobility

An analysis from Yardi Matrix highlights which U.S. cities are successfully meeting the demand for affordable housing — and which are falling behind. “The analysis compared the maximum allowable rent for fully affordable units with the average advertised rent for market-rate apartments, breaking the data into four levels of apartment quality,” explains Candyd Mendoza in MPA Mag.

“One of the key challenges identified is the gap between market-rate and affordable housing in many of the country’s largest metropolitan areas, including cities like Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, Miami, and Northern New Jersey.” San Francisco’s average market-rate rent is more than $1,000 higher than the average rent for affordable housing. However, smaller markets like Wichita, Kansas, Huntsville, Alabama, and Omaha, Nebraska have market-rate rents on par with affordable units.

According to the study, challenges to affordability include supply growth limitations and the composition of housing stock in different markets. “The study noted that 69,600 new affordable units are expected to be delivered in 2024, with a peak of 70,500 units projected for 2025. But after that, a potential slowdown in new inventory after 2025 could intensify the current shortage.”

• Housing Costs
• Affordable Housing
• housing affordability
• Housing Supply
• Rents
• Housing Crisis

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