A light therapy life does more for you than simply illuminate your space. These tools can help combat seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and reset your biological clock via the body’s natural circadian rhythms. They can also boost the happy chemical serotonin, and provide a mental health lift to support a healthy mood, appetite, and sleep. We have chosen the expert-approved Verilux HappyLight Luxe as our best overall pick, but here are several options to fit every need, space, and budget.

• Best overall: Verilux HappyLight Luxe
• Best for light intensity: Carex Day-light Classic Plus Light Therapy Lamp
• Best floor lamp: Flamingo Floor Lamp II by Northern Technologies
• Best compact: Circadian Optics Lumos 2.0
• Best budget: Light Therapy Lamp by Erligpowht

With so many light therapy lamps on the marketplace, the best light therapy lamp will fit your space and bath your face to help treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD). We narrowed the list by looking for lights that provided the recommended 10,000 lux of light and produced as little UV light as possible. We also wanted the light therapy lamps to be easy to use (if stepping outside into the sun during the summer is simple, so should turning on or adjusting your lamp) and easy on the eyes—no need to have an ugly light in this day and age of cute, clever design. We also wanted to highlight a range of products, from desktop setups to lamps that double as furniture. The chosen light therapy lamps come in a range of prices, and we cut the price off at $200 to keep the recommendations within reach of most consumers. And don’t miss our best sunset lamps and sunrise alarm clocks on the way to bed, either.

You may need something very specific in your lamp, perhaps a certain size or one that can be used at a certain distance from your face. If our top pick isn’t just right for you, scroll down to find the perfect fit for you.

Why it made the cut: It’s bright, good-looking, and easy to move around.

Specs

• Brightness: Adjustable brightness
• Color temperature: Adjustable color temperature
• Dimensions: 11.8 x .5 x 7.5 inches

Pros

• Compact size and lightweight for easy portability 
• Intuitive adjustable brightness and color temperature
• Countdown timer to take the guesswork out of light therapy

Cons

• Non-adjustable stand
• For 10,000 lux, you’ll need to be at a 6-inch distance

The Verilux HappyLight Luxe is an economical light therapy lamp with a retail price that comes in well below $100 that’s also loaded with important features. The sleek, slim design is more reminiscent of an iPad than a medical device, with a modern look that fits into most people’s home decor. It doesn’t vie to be a centerpiece, either, offering a nice balance when it comes to function and form. For the truly looks conscious, the frame comes in white, marble, and champagne. 

At 11.8 inches tall, 7.5 inches wide, and a slender half-inch in depth, the lamp can sit unobtrusively on a desk or table, delivering the benefits of light therapy without drawing attention to itself. It’s also small enough to slip into a backpack or overnight bag so you can take the benefits of light therapy to the office, on the road, or on vacation. The two-pound lamp comes with a detachable stand, or it can be wall-mounted. It is corded.

On the function side, the powerful LED, full-spectrum light panel reaches up to the recommended brightness of 10,000 lux. With a push of a button, you can adjust the brightness in four settings or the light color in three settings. Note that for the full 10,000 lux exposure you’ll need to be about 6 inches away from the lamp. Its built-in countdown timer (up to one hour, down to five-minute increments) ensures you’ll get the recommended amount of light without keeping track of it yourself. You can also pause the timer if you get up for a coffee break. This light therapy lamp is UV-free, as too much UV light can damage your eyes and skin.

Controls on the Verilux HappyLight Luxe are simple and straightforward. There’s an on-off button on the top of the device. All other controls are on the front-facing panel, below the light screen. The left button allows you to switch between three color temperatures (measured in Kelvin): warm white (3,500K), medium white (4,250K), and daylight (5,000K). The right button toggles you through four brightness levels: 2,500, 5,000, 7,500, and 10,000 lux. The brighter the light, the shorter you’ll need to sit in front of it for maximum effect. The center button is the automatic count-down timer, which you can set for up to an hour and which shuts the lamp off, so you don’t have to remember to turn it off when your session is done. The general recommendation, whether to combat SAD or to get a mental boost, is to start at the lowest brightness for a short period of time, say 10 minutes, and then work your way up to the one-hour mark from there. 

The lamp uses Flicker Elimination Technology and Optix Glare Control to make the light easier on your eyes. No matter which light therapy device you use, it’s recommended that you place the light at an off-center angle from your body so you’re not looking directly into the light. Your eyes do have to be open to receive the effects, so it’s best to use the lamp while working on the computer, reading, or doing stationary hobbies. Napping next to any light therapy lamp, including this one, won’t deliver the physical and mental health benefits.

Why it made the cut: It’s powerful enough that even at 12 inches away, you’re getting full “sun.”

Specs

• Brightness: 10,000 lux at 12 inches
• Color temperature: N/A
• Dimensions: Large light size at 16″ x 13″ 

Pros

• Ability to angle downward to better mimic sunlight and for less glare
• Sit 12-14 inches away and still reap maximum benefits
• Light screen can be adjusted up to 31 inches from base 

Cons

• Space hog
• Only two light settings
• Plastic base

This full-coverage desktop light therapy lamp goes where the sun don’t shine. You’ll get the recommended 10,000 lux of glare-free white LED light (at 4000K) whenever you flip the switch and sit 12 to 14 inches away from the large light area. Unlike many light therapy lamps on the market, this one does not skimp on the light surface size. Expect 16-by-12 inches of glowing light. Think of it as the equivalent of sitting in front of an oversized monitor versus working on a small handheld device compared to other models on this list. You’ll also escape the harmful effects of UV rays with this one. The ability to tilt the light downward is a big plus, which helps to mimic the direction of sunlight and generally allows for less glare. 

While this larger lamp won’t work for tight desktop spaces, it is a good fit for those who want to bathe in manmade light without worrying about sitting too close to the lamp’s base. And it’s pretty good looking, with a silver base and center and a light area reminiscent of a pro photographer’s light rig. 

Why it made the cut: It offers the benefits of light therapy in the design of a traditional floor lamp.

Specs

• Brightness: 10,000 lux of light at 12-inch distance
• Color temperature: Uses replaceable LED bulbs
• Dimensions: 4 feet tall

Pros

• Doubles as a regular floor lamp
• 4-foot height ideal for using next to a recliner
• Easy to assemble

Cons

• Non-adjustable height
• Only one light setting
• No timer, only on/off switch

The Flamingo Floor Lamp—with its skinny angled central pole—does bear a passing resemblance to one familiar long-legged wading bird, although it has neither beak nor is it pink. It is, however, one of the few traditional stand-up floor lamps that also work as a light therapy lamp available today. From Northern Technologies, the lamp leans into its 10,000 lux capacity as a big selling point, and you’ll get that brightness at 12 inches away. 

The LED bulbs in this Canadian-made lamp are fully replaceable, full-spectrum, and UV-free, and they boast no hum or flicker when turned on. The lamp is also energy efficient, using two 18-watt LED bulbs. And while we don’t recommend knocking this lamp around too much, the light bulb cover isn’t glass, so any accidental tippage won’t send sharp shards skittering across your floor.

As a 4-foot-tall floor lamp, it looks right at home next to an easy chair or sofa, but it can also be used as a bedside stand-up lamp, next to a desk, or in a corner of a dark room to brighten a living space. The light fixture itself measures 13 by 7 inches, and it swivels. The lamp has no timer, but it is compatible with an external programmable light timer. 

Why it made the cut: This reading-style lamp offers superior brightness in a space-conscious design.

Specs

• Brightness: 10,000 lux and 3 brightness settings
• Color temperature: UV-free LED light
• Dimensions: 14.4 x 3.5 x 1.5 inches

Pros

• 3 brightness settings via a single touch
• LED light up to 50,000 hours
• Small design that swivels open

Cons

• Small area illuminated due to lamp’s size
• Bulb is not replaceable, rendering the lamp useless when the bulb burns out
• Small base leaves it prone to tipping when open

There’s a lot to like about this reading-style lamp, which is really a cleverly designed light therapy lamp. When in its “standing” position that resembles a tall, skinny speaker, it’s just 14 inches high, 3.5 inches deep, and 1.5 inches wide. From the closed position, a hinged arm swings from the top and opens the arm out like a fan so you can set the optimal light angle for your activity—reading, writing, computing, sewing, woodworking, or whatever desktop work you have in store.

A one-touch button lets you control the UV-free LED’s brightness, starting with bright, to brighter, to brightest, with the brightest setting delivering 10,000 lux. It’s a uniform, dot-free light comparable to full spectrum sun. There’s no timer, but the daily recommendations are to place the lamp 16-18 inches from your face for anywhere from 15 to 60 minutes for the full circadian rhythm reset. 

And while an appearance on Shark Tank isn’t reason enough to buy a product, it’s worth noting that Circadian Optics founder Amber Leong appeared on season 11 of the show in 2019 with her idea for light therapy lamps. Sharks Mark Cuban and Lori Greiner believed enough in her idea to invest. And the company now has five light therapy lamp designs for sale.

Why it made the cut: This powerful mini-sized light therapy lamp slips right into a pocketbook or small bag.

Specs

• ‎Brightness: 10,000 lux capacity
• Color temperature: N/A
• Dimensions: 5.11 x 6.69 x .59 inches

Pros

• Adjustable among three brightness levels 
• 90-degree rotation standing bracket to angle light
• Inexpensive

Cons

• Default turn-on starts at the brightest setting
• Unstable base may topple if jostled

The Light Therapy Lamp by Erligpowht is more short story than hero epic. It comes in at just over half an inch in depth, 5.11 inches wide, and 6.69 inches tall. For comparison, that’s smaller than an iPad Mini, and just the right size to slip into a small purse or desk drawer unobtrusively. Its 10.86-ounce weight means you won’t develop shoulder or back strain from adding this to your luggage, as that’s less than the weight of a standard-size battle of water.

Travelers who want to take a light therapy device with them on the road to help adjust to time changes or erratic sleep/wake schedules will appreciate this product’s compact size, as well as a price point that’s low enough that you won’t worry as much about accidents like forgetting it in your hotel room or spilling a cup of coffee on it in your morning haze. Likewise, apartment dwellers or workers using a small desk will appreciate the compact design that takes up very little room, whether in use or stowed away.

For the price, its features—three brightness levels and four pre-programmed timer settings—compete with more bougie brands. It’s also simple to operate. Use the angled kickstand to set the light up where you want it, and in the direction you’d like the light to shine, and then click it on to your desired setting, from 100% capacity to 50% to 30%. The timer button (both buttons are on the front, at the base of the unit) is preset for options. Simply click through to your desired time. The LED lamp is UV-free. A USB-C cord comes with the unit, but you can swap out your own if you’d like a longer or shorter cord.

To get the most out of your light therapy lamp, you’ll want to sneak a peek at the fine print on your chosen lamp. Here are a few things to consider before you put that lamp into your virtual shopping cart and click “buy now.”

Most experts agree that a lux capacity of 10,000 is necessary to get your circadian rhythm, sleep, and mood in sync. Your circadian rhythm dictates your sleep/wake cycle, which helps to regulate the mental, behavioral, and physical changes that happen throughout a 24-hour cycle. Getting plenty of natural light during the day helps to regulate this cycle, whether for those traveling to different time zones or for people dealing with Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD.  Most experts think that, among other things, too little light from the sun during fall, winter, and spring can lead to SAD. This concern magnifies in areas of the world where the daylight hours are especially short. A lamp that doesn’t put out the full recommended 10,000 lux may not deliver the full potential positive effects of a light therapy lamp.

Unless you’re a pro therapy light user and you know you like your light bright, it’s wise to start with a lamp that has adjustable brightness. You may also find that in the dead of winter, you prefer the brightest setting, while on sunnier spring and fall days, you don’t need the full brightness. Choosing a lamp with adjustable brightness gives you more control over what kind of light you’ll be basking under.

Timers exist for a reason. It’s because humans easily lose track of time. The phone rings; a computer notification dings; a dog barks outside. Whatever the uncontrollable distractions are, it’s nice not to have to worry about how long you’ve been soaking up the rays from your light therapy lamp. With a built-in preset timer, the lamp turns off when your time is up, and you never have to lift a finger. While it’s not a necessary feature, it is a nice-to-have one.

Most experts recommend you use a light therapy lamp 20-30 minutes a day, although some people may use it longer or use it for several shorter sessions throughout the day. It’s best to start slowly and work your way up to more time. A medical or mental health professional can help guide you.

The best time to do light therapy, especially if you’re looking to help with mood disorders such as seasonal affective disorder, sleep disorders, or depressive disorder, is within the first hour after you wake up. Some people also like to use them in the late afternoon.

Yes, there’s generally no harm in doing light therapy every day, although many people find it’s less necessary in the summer months when natural light is easy to get outside. Be sure you’re using a UV-free light to avoid eye health conditions or skin issues, such as burns.

It’s best to position the light therapy lamp at a 45-degree angle to your body so you’re not staring directly at it. It needs to be close enough so you can reap the benefits. Different lamps specify different optimal distances. An angle-adjustable lamp can help with optimal positioning.

Light therapy might start working after just a few days, but many people find it helpful within a few weeks. To keep the effect, most people use the light therapy lamp during seasons that lack natural sunlight. People adjusting to time changes from travel might use it for a shorter duration.

• Best overall: Verilux HappyLight Luxe
• Best for light intensity: Carex Day-light Classic Plus Light Therapy Lamp
• Best floor lamp: Flamingo Floor Lamp II by Northern Technologies
• Best compact: Circadian Optics Lumos 2.0
• Best budget: Light Therapy Lamp by Erligpowht

The best light therapy lamps have light settings of up to 10,000 lux, can change the color temperature settings, and have adjustable brightness settings. Features that make keeping track of time easy, such as a countdown timer or programmable timer add appeal. The more intuitive and easy a light therapy lamp is to use, the more likely you are to use it every day, and daily use is key to getting your mental and physical health on track. Check out one of the above options if you want to try light therapy for yourself.

The post The best light therapy lamps to brighten up your life appeared first on Popular Science.

I started using an electric commuter bike out of necessity. I live in the suburbs of D.C., where our Metro lines occasionally close for weeks or months for train track and station upgrades. And driving into the city can cost $20 or more each way, thanks to toll roads and hot lanes. That’s before paying to park. My potential commuting costs made buying an e-bike seem downright economical, but what I wasn’t expecting was how riding turned my commute into something fun that helped me de-stress after crappy work days. The power assistance from e-bikes helps close the gap between your fitness and the distance between your home and workplace. This is the best kind of outdoor gear, the kind that can transform routine parts of your day into workout sessions. And a fully featured e-bike—like the Priority Current—is eco-friendlier than driving a gas car solo. The key is to find the best electric commuter bikes within your budget that you want to ride and can handle the distance and terrain of your commute, and this list is here to help. 

• Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Current
• Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3
• Best for commutes under 5 miles: JackRabbit OG2
• Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT
• Best single-speed electric commuter bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro
• Best gravel e-bike for commuting: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 600 2x
• Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through
• Best splurge electric commuter bike: Riese & Muller Homage4
• Also worth considering: Orbea Diem 20
• Best electric balance bike for kids: SUPER73-K1D

As a long-time bike commuter, I have lugged laptops and changes of clothes through suburban streets, paved trails, wooden bridges, and city bike lanes in scorching humidity, unexpected rain, and bitter cold. I even broke my arm once, but that’s a cautionary tale about trying to outperform a personal record to the office. In addition to my riding and testing, I’ve tapped the PopSci team’s collective experiences, plus expert and customer reviews, to pull together this list. 

Any electric bike is a potential commuter, but some features help make the daily to and fro more comfortable. Fenders keep road filth and water from going up your back (a real thing), and chain guards keep pants and legs from getting greasy (or worse, stuck). Belt drives can help avoid that issue even more. Racks offer a less sweaty alternative to hauling your work necessaries in a backpack. Check out our tips for how to carry stuff on your bike, whether it’s a packed lunch, laptop, or just clothes to change into post-ride. While lights are optional for fitness or occasional cyclists, they are essential for commuters. Not only do they illuminate your path, but they also help alert cars and buses that you’re sharing the road. I prioritized bikes with some of these built-in features. (One thing that’s not optional for anyone: Spring for the best helmet possible when traveling at top speeds.) 

Tony Ware

Specs

• Motor: 500w mid-drive motor w/ 140Nm torque
• Battery: 500Wh capacity
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 50 miles
• Class: Ships as Class 1, can be unlocked to Class 3
• Throttle: Yes
• Top speed: 28 mph
• Bike weight: 53 pounds
• Carrying capacity: 300 pounds.
• Frame sizes: S, M and L fit riders from 5’ to 6’3”.

Pros

• Mid-step frame makes for easy on-and-off
• 650b x 47mm Goodyear touring tires
• Choice between 5-speed Shimano hub or Enviolo trekking hub
• Hydraulic brakes
• Low maintenance (and quiet) carbon drive
• Huge amount of torque
• 600 lumen front light and on-fender rear light
• Half fender in front and full rear fender
• Gel-padded comfort saddle
• Mounts for water bottle

Cons

• Enviolo shifting takes some practice to get timing right
• 53 pounds is a very mid-range weight that could challenge smaller riders

At first glance, the Priority Current may look like many typical e-bikes, but it’s a powerhouse. The Current is powered by a 500w mid-drive motor with a whopping 140Nm of torque, and the five assist levels can easily ramp up to Class 3 speeds of 28 miles per hour. It’s designed so riders can keep up with cars on shared roads and quickly accelerate from a stop (and it comes with dual piston hydraulic disc brakes in case of quick stops).

The drivetrain couples a Gates Carbon Belt with either an internal 5-speed Shimano hub or a stepless Enviolo trekking hub for $3,299 or $3,499, respectively. I’ve been testing the Enviolo with a continuously variable transmission, aka no set gears. To shift, you twist the handle to make a picture of a hill either steepen or flatten. It took a bit of practice to get the timing right for when you need to ease off pedaling and adjust. Once I got a feel for how to avoid shifting under heavy load, the ride felt more like I had superpowers, not a motor helping me out. 

The Current has speed and power, as well as finishing touches that make it so good for frequent or long commutes. The motor controls are well-positioned by the left thumb for easy changes, while the backlit display is centered to keep your eyes on the road. The 600-lumen bike-powered front light casts wide and is shockingly bright—it actually illuminates dark bike lanes/trails—and fenders help keep pants legs dry on rainy days. Touchpoints like the ergonomic groups and wide, gel-cushioned saddle are better than average, too. The frame is multi-height friendly with what the company calls a “mid-step frame” that’s lower than a traditional triangle but higher than most low-step or step-thru options. For the price point, I’d like to see cleaner and fewer cables around the handlebars.

Priority is a direct-to-consumer brand, and the company’s analog bikes aren’t hard to finish yourself, even if you’re not a regular wrencher. But the company encourages you to have your local bike shop assemble e-bikes, which will be an additional fee (shoutout to Alexandria, VA’s Strictly eBikes for preparing my Current). The bike also ships as a Class 1 e-bike with a top speed of 20 miles per hour. Class 3 can be unlocked through the display screen, but check local laws.

Heather Kuldell-Ware

Specs

• Motor: 500w angled gear MIVICE hub motor w/ 50Nm torque
• Battery: 10Ah Samsung 50GB
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 40 miles
• Class: 3
• Throttle: Yes
• Top speed: 28 mph
• Bike weight: 39 pounds
• Carrying capacity: 300 pounds
• Frame sizes: Low-step, M and L fit riders from 5’1” to 6’3”.

Pros

• 700 x 45c Schwalbe G-One RS gravel tires
• Choice between single-speed carbon belt or 10-speed chain
• Hydraulic brakes
• Throttle feature
• Intui-Drive torque sensor
• 120 lux front light and on-fender rear light
• Front and rear alloy fenders
• Selle Royale Vivo cushioned saddle
• Chainguard stay
• Water bottle bosses

Cons

• Shorter riders must should measure step-over height carefully to determine between low-step and medium frames
• Stiff frame
• Rear rack mounts are for proprietary rack

The Ride1Up Roadster v3 packs a surprising amount of premium features into an extremely reasonable price tag of $1,295. It’s not the -est in most categories, but all the practical, suped-up features turn this lightweight e-bike into an appealing match for most riders regardless of whether they commute every day or only occasionally ride.

With the latest version, riders can choose between a 10-speed chain or single-speed carbon belt (though the Shimano Deore drivetrain has been so popular it may be back-ordered). I opted for the latter and was impressed with the virtually silent 500w hub motor that easily took me up even my most formidable hills and the smooth, responsive pedaling enabled by the Intui-Drive torque sensor. The somewhat addictive throttle can take over when you want a break—or to power through a series of errands that you just want to get done. 

The v3 frame has been tweaked, resulting in a hybrid or fitness bike-like ride with a position that is a bit tilted forward and not entirely upright. The sleek alloy frame features a flattened fork, rattle-free fenders, integrated lights, and the few visible cords are neatly tucked into the frame. At a light weight of 39 pounds, it looks minimal but is somehow ready for most riding conditions without having to toss on new accessories. The tires can even handle some smoother dirt, if called upon.

Ride1Up also has one of the better direct-to-consumer experiences. The Roadster v3 comes mostly assembled. The box contains a thoughtful collection of tools—a hex key set, seat post gunk, and a torque wrench—and thorough instructions that point to different YouTube videos for more guidance. If that makes you nervous, opt for professional assembly, but this is the second Ride1Up bike we’ve tightened to spec, and it’s been easy both times.

I have only a short list of quibbles. I’d prefer pedals with more texture than grip tape and a more cushy saddle for such a stiff ride. Short riders should very carefully look at stepover measurements when deciding between the low-step and medium frame. At 5’4”, I technically should fit the medium frame, but my seat is basically all the way down to fit. It’s just a touch large for my admittedly short inseam.

Heather Kuldell-Ware

Specs

• Motor: 300W rear hub brushless electric motor
• Battery: 151.2Wh battery
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 10 miles
• Class: 2
• Throttle: Yes
• Top speed: 20 mph
• Bike weight: 25 pounds
• Carrying capacity: 275 pounds
• Frame size: One size that fits 4’9” to 6’2”

Pros

• Small size 
• The lightest weight e-bike we’ve encountered
• Swappable batteries
• Handlebars for flat for easy transport
• 20-inch all-terrain tires
• Digital display
• Foldable foot pegs
• Comfortable saddle
• Quiet operation
• Ports for plugging in front and rear lights (but lights not included)
• Tons of accessories available for additional purchase
• Available in black, white, blue, or yellow 

Cons

• No alternative to the throttle
• Fenders are not included but more important when you’re closer to the ground
• Would prefer hydraulic disc brakes for the speed that this can go
• Steep hills can seriously slow you down, or in some cases, stop you

When you live in a city, thinking about transportation can take up a surprising amount of energy in a day. You wanna go somewhere, but are you walking, taking a bus or train, calling a ride-share or taxi, or driving yourself? Is there even parking if you drive, or will you end up essentially back where you started to find a spot? When you’re taking a train, how long are you walking on each side of the ride? How many transfers? Even owning a bike isn’t that simple. Where can you store it? Does your building have an outdoor bike rack or a storage room? Or are you carrying it up a multistory walk-up and hosting it in your living room?

Enter the JackRabbit OG2, a mold-breaking micro e-bike that only weighs 25 pounds and sells for $1,250. This small package is one of the most fun and somehow practical bikes I’ve ever taken on a commute. Instead of pedaling, the OG2 relies entirely on the 300W rear hub motor and the throttle, which can go a surprisingly fast 20 mph for a range of about 10 miles.  

Despite the small size (even smaller than the typical e-scooter, as you can see above), the OG2 accommodates riders as short as 4’9” and up to 6’2”, which I admit I was skeptical about. However, this has quickly become a favorite of my 6-foot-tall son for one very simple reason: It hauls. The OG2 is an e-bike in looks but not in operation. It’s more like a scooter you can sit on but with more stable steering and larger, more forgiving wheels. Instead of standing up super straight, you’re low to the ground for better balance. Picture a tall dude on a BMX, and you’re in the right ballpark. But with stationary pegs instead of pumping pedals, your legs don’t feel cramped. You might feel silly at first, but for me, this quickly morphed into what I think Toad feels like passing other drivers in “Mario Kart.”

The OG2’s diminutive size is the main appeal. It’s less than 49 inches long, and the handlebars and front wheel can “fold flat” to save a little more space if you need to walk it through a busy subway station, carry it onto a bus, or pack it into a car or RV. They even sell a bag to help you carry it (or ship it if you’re flying somewhere).

I’ve found I use it most for short errands near my house—like going up to the CVS about a mile away—or to tackle the last few miles left after riding public transportation. I’m lucky the Metro and the various bus lines cover as much as they do, but I still often have a few miles to go to get to my destination. The OG2 easily closes this gap, and when batteries start to fade, I can easily swap them out for backups roughly the size and shape of VHS tape (and, because of their compact size and capacity, you can pack them in your carry-on if flying). 

If batteries die, though, I’m out of luck and walking unless I happen to be on top of a hill. And hills can be a problem. A long, steep hill can slow the OG2 to just a few miles per hour, even when the throttle is pressed all the way down. I haven’t had to walk yet, but I’ve come close. For hilly areas, upgrade to the more powerful and slightly larger JackRabbit XG with nearly twice the motor power, battery capacity, and range. These microbikes are hella fun. While many JackRabbit fans love personalizing their rides with the many accessories offered (as well as stock third-party components that fit the custom frame), it should be noted adding racks and packs compromises their portability. I like the grab-and-go nature of them—and if I need to carry something, I put it in my backpack.

Got limited space but still like to pedal? Folding bikes offer another alternative, and I’ve had good luck with the Lectric brand.

Tony Ware

Specs

• Motor: 250w mid-drive motor w/ 40Nm torque
• Battery: 250Wh capacity
• Removable battery: No
• Riding range: Not listed.
• Class: 1
• Throttle: No
• Top speed: 20 mph
• Bike weight: 42 pounds
• Carrying capacity: 300 pounds
• Frame sizes: S, M and L fit riders from 5’1” to 6’1”.

Pros:

• Step-thru frame makes for easy on and off
• 27.5-inch x 2-inch wheels
• 8-speed drivetrain
• Hydraulic brakes
• Wide and cushiony enough saddle
• Integrated front and rear lights
• Half fender in front and full rear fender
• MIK-compatible rear rack
• Two sets of bosses on frame for water bottle cages, etc. 
• Multiple colors available.

Cons:

• Wide but slightly squirrely handlebars
• Integrated battery means plugging in the whole bike to charge
• Can be hard to tell when the charger is properly plugged in due to deep charging port
• Sluggish first pedal assist level
• Step-thru frame can be harder to lift and carry than a standard triangle

I’ve owned several Trek models over the years, and the Verve+ 1 Lowstep LT e-bike reminded me of what this American bicycle maker does best. Trek is all about better-than-average components that make the $2,300 price tag feel like a steal, like cables that tuck in to the frame, commuter accessories including a chainguard, and Bontrager touchpoints like ergonomic handle grips and a wide, squishy-enough saddle that lets you skip padded cycling shorts. It was also perfectly tuned thanks to assembly by the pros at Trek Bicycles in Clarendon, VA.

The 8-speed Verve+ channels some Dutch commuter bike vibes, with an extremely upright riding position. I’m a shorty who usually opts for more aggressive postures, but I appreciated the improved road visibility from this taller vantage point. Even though I was sitting up higher than normal, the step-thru frame is an excellent option for shorter riders or anyone who doesn’t want to swing a leg over a saddle anymore. I particularly like it for the frequent stops and starts of city riding, and at 44 pounds, it’s a lighter-weight option, and easier to control and handle. 

The simple control skips the screen and opts for red and green LEDs to indicate battery life and assist level. This e-bike isn’t about metrics: It’s for casual riders and commuters who want to hop on and confidently get to their destination. That said, I found the first assist level a little low; I had to put some work in to get going and get up hills, but the second level had considerably more oomph, and the third was practically a sweat-free ride even though I was still pedaling. 

And by the way, the hydraulic brakes work. In an unexpected real-world test, an SUV turned into my bike lane and came to a dead stop. I’m pleased to say I didn’t crash into the side door, nor did I skid. I may have had a mild heart attack, but that’s not on the bike. 

Heather Kuldell-Ware

Specs

• Motor: Mivice M080 350W rear hub motor w/ 45 Nm torque
• Battery: 360Wh capacity
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 53 miles
• Class: 1
• Throttle: No
• Top speed: 20 mph
• Bike weight: 37 pounds
• Carrying capacity: Not listed.
• Frame sizes: M, L, and XL fit riders from 5’7” to 6’5”.

Pros:

• Very lightweight
• Moderate riding position
• Nimble handling
• CST puncture-proof 700 x 45C tires
• Half-size fender in front and full fender in rear
• Included bell
• Adjustable stem
• Minimal, monochrome controls
• Integrated front light
• Carbon belt drive
• TEKTRO Hydraulic Disc Brakes
• Optional Tenways app 
• Optional PIN to start motor
• Extremely quiet ride
• Multiple colors

Cons:

• No built-in tail light, though it does come with a battery-operated one
• No bosses for water cages or other accessories
• Uncomfortable saddle
• Handles are grippy but could use more cushion
• No suspension features to soften road chatter
• Some unproductive pedaling as assist kicks in

The Tenways CGO600 Pro converted me from a single-speed skeptic to a full-fledged fan. For me, it takes me back to simpler childhood bikes instead of thinking when the right moment is to downshift before a big hill. If I want to go faster, it’s up to my legs or increasing the assist level. At only 37 pounds, it feels a lot like a nimble, non-electric fitness bike rather than the tanks many e-bikes are. The aluminum frame is incredibly responsive, while the single-speed carbon belt drive version replaces the clackety-clackety-clackety of a chain coasting with a near-silent ride. No gears or derailleur also means far less maintenance and less tangling on bike racks (though there is now a Shimano 8-speed Chain Drive version, if you’re so inclined, particularly for inclines). 

Within easy reach of my left thumb is a minimal LED screen that controls three pedal-assist levels powered by a sufficiently strong 350W rear hub motor. While changing levels is intuitive, more advanced functions like turning on the headlights or setting security passwords require reading the manual. 

I thought this thing would choke on some of the larger hills and twisty corkscrew turns I encountered, but the 45Nm of torque was plenty. But in fairness, these are East Coast hills that the CS600 Pro handled. Tenways’ site lists the bike’s climbing range as up to 15 degrees, so keep that in mind if you live in proper mountains. 

The bike’s range is listed as up to 53 miles, and for plenty of rides, I’ve gotten into the 40s on a single charge. On a particularly blustery day, strong headwinds cut my range down to about 20 before I needed to remove and recharge the 360Wh locking battery. This model does equally well with longer commutes as it does with shorter city rides that need to dodge pedestrians and cars, or lift onto a bus bike rack.

There are trade-offs for CS600 Pro’s lite weight. The bike’s stiff aluminum frame is easy to maneuver on and off the saddle, but there’s also no suspension to absorb any of the bumps and cracks in the road. What you hit, you feel. The touchpoints weren’t great, either. After about a week of riding, I upgraded the rock-hard saddle to a softer gel version and the OK handlebar grips to ergonomic ones. The regular price is $1,899, though I’ve seen multiple end-of-season deals that knock up to $500 off. For that price, I don’t mind tackling a few upgrades. 

Tenways can be found in local bike shops or sent directly to consumers. I built my mostly assembled CGO600 Pro in less than an hour, but that’s really best for people who are confident in their bike part knowledge and have a torque wrench to secure bolts and screws properly.  

Tony Ware

Specs

• Motor: MAHLE X35+ rear hub-drive system w/ 40 Nm torque
• Battery: 250Wh capacity
• Removable battery: No
• Riding range: Up to 40 miles
• Class: 1
• Throttle: No
• Top speed: 20 mph
• Bike weight: About 33 pounds
• Carrying capacity: Not listed.
• Frame sizes: 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60 cm.

Pros:

• Comfortable geometry despite the aggressive position
• Drop bars have a nice flare 
• Internal cable routing prevents tangles
• Compatible with internal dropper post routing but not included
• High-quality components from well-known cycling brands like WTB saddle, Shimano, etc 
• Range extender battery available from MAHLE for total capability of 458Wh
• 700c x 42mm tires, which will fit fenders or tires up to 700c x50mm for something cushier
• Compatible with racks and fenders
• Tons of extra mounts for accessories
• Optional MAHLE MySmartBike app connects via Bluetooth to allow customizations, metrics, mapping, etc. Also supports Ant+ connectivity for other devices.

Dislikes:

• No lights or fenders built-in
• Battery is only removable for service, which means charging the whole bike between rides. 
• No kickstand included but that is standard for gravel bikes.
• Somewhat of a learning curve for position and color-coding of ebike controller, plus orange and red can be hard to tell apart.

Salsa’s Confluence isn’t designed for commuting, but this option from the brand’s electric gravel lines appeals to my need to get to and from the office quickly and my weekend warrior side that wants to log in some time bikepacking. It’s an e-bike for people who love spending time in the saddle, customizing components to their exact liking, and still getting a workout in. The Confluence is for riders who want to go faster and farther, not just get from point A to B.

Based on the brand’s tried-and-true Journeyer gravel bike line, the Confluence is peppered with plenty of mounts on the frame and the forks for fenders, racks, and pretty much any accessory you can imagine to attach. The Confluence’s frame is only slightly thicker than its acoustic counterpart, though the MAHLE X35+ hub-drive system in the rear wheel is the giveaway that you’re getting assistance.

Most e-bikes have handlebars cluttered with wires, screens, and assist controls. Not the Confluence. Internal cable routing keeps things clean, as does the screen-free interface. An iWOC One Controller sits on the top tube, which is a single button that does everything from powering up the bike to changing assist levels. This interface isn’t intuitive—you have to memorize what the colors mean, for example—but you can also connect your phone through the MySmartBike app or Ant+ -supported third-party devices for a more traditional display. Still, there’s something liberating about not having stats and metrics in your face, especially during something as routine as commuting. 

At only 33 pounds, the Confluence flies on roads and paths thanks to three levels of assistance. While the 40Nm of torque is plenty to boost speed, you’ll still need enough legs and cardio to get up hills using 11 gears and nominal help from the motor. As the sun sets earlier, you’ll also need to add some lights for visibility. We tried the top-of-the-line version with a price tag of $3,499, but Confluence options start at $2,499 with two flat-bar options and two drop-bar options.

Specs

• Motor: 250w Hyena hub drive motor
• Battery: 250Wh capacity
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 90 miles
• Class: 3
• Throttle: No
• Top speed: 28 mph
• Bike weight: 58 pounds
• Carrying capacity: 300 pounds
• Frame sizes: S, M, L, and XL to fit riders from 5’1” to 6’4”.

Pros

• Integrated front headlight and rear lights
• Internal cable management
• Front suspension fork
• Front and rear fenders
• Built-in rear rack holds up to 59 pounds 
• Hydraulic disc brakes
• 11-speed drivetrain
• App offers additional controls
• Anti-theft local built-in to motor that unlocks with PIN or connected phone
• Multiple colors offered

Cons

• Magnetic battery charger can be difficult to connect
• Battery is removable but can be hard to get in and out
• Specialized’s apps come and go
• Long wheelbase can be hard to move when walking the bike

Specialized is an American company that has been making bicycles since 1974 and has launched several e-bike models under the Vado name. For a while, the company marketed the e-bike line with the phrase, “It’s you, but better,” which captures how riding the Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through feels. The latest iteration of the Turbo Vado features an upright riding position on high-volume 650b tires, which helps smooth out road unpleasantries when coupled with the front suspension fork. The battery is discreetly tucked into the downtube, and the powerful 250w mid-drive motor is housed between the pedals, which helps keep the weight in the center of the bike for agile handling. This Class 3 bike relies on a Brose motor tuned to proprietary Specialized standards that get the rider up to top speed in a snap without requiring much effort. The bike has three levels of pedal assist—eco, sport, and turbo—and an 11-speed drivetrain. There’s no throttle, but you don’t need one. 

The Turbo Vado isn’t cheap at the usual retail price of $4,000. However, the extra dollars go to higher-quality grips, saddle, a very sturdy kickstand with a foot, and technology. The motor includes an anti-theft device that only allows power when unlocked by a PIN or an authorized phone. The Bluetooth connectivity allows the bike to be updated over the air and connected with my Garmin watch to track my rides, though I’m not sure which device initiated the connection. Though a rider can rely exclusively on the very bright handlebar display to control the Turbo Vado, Specialized apps unlock additional features like the ability to input your route and automatically budget battery power so it lasts the whole ride.  As far as range, the website says up to 90 miles, but the farthest I’ve gotten on one charge is 50-ish miles using mostly eco mode. Still, that’s on the longer side of ranges. 

This brings me to some downsides. Specialized spends time developing its apps, but that leads to multiples in app stores, and sometimes they switch which one you need to use with your bike. For example, the company sunsetted the Mission Control app for one called just Specialized. Another grumble is charging. You can charge the bike with the battery in or out, but either way, it can be awkward to get the magnetic charger to align with the little pins. The battery can be removed, but it requires unlocking with a key, releasing a lever, and unhooking it from a bar you can never see. That’s not even as awkward as reinstalling it. 

The full-size Turbo Vado weighs about 58 pounds—depending on which of the four frames fits you—and has a long wheelbase. Those specs create confident handling during rides, but for a smaller rider like me, the bike is hard to get in and out of elevators and subway cars. If you’re looking for something lighter weight, Specialized also offers a Turbo Vado SL 4.0 Step-Through that only weighs 36 pounds. The tradeoff is skinnier wheels, no front suspension, and a smaller battery capacity. Don’t mind the weight but want even fancier components? Then add another $1K and look no further than the Turbo Vado 5.0 Step-Through.

Specs

• Motor: Bosch Performance Line CX smart system
• Battery: Bosch PowerTube 625 Wh, upgradable to dual battery configuration
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 100 miles with dual batteries
• Class: 3
• Throttle: No
• Top speed: 28 mph
• Bike weight: 65 pounds
• Capacity weight: 330 pounds
• Frame sizes: 49 cm, 54 cm, 58 cm fits riders from 5’5” to 6’5”

Pros

• Adjustable air suspension
• Hydraulic disc brakes with option for Boasch’s ABS 2.0 system
• Upgradable cockpit options
• 11-speed drivetrain
• Flow app
• Three frame sizes: 49 cm, 54 cm, 58 cm
• Two colors: deep sea blue metallic and pearl white

Cons

• High entry price
• Proprietary parts can be hard to replace

Riese & Müller Homage4 offers a full-suspension Class 3 e-bike that looks like it rolled in from the future. This German-designed bike starts at $8,239 and features high-end, high-quality components with a dizzying amount of configurable upgrades, including a comfort package, alternate cockpit options, a carbon belt drive, and a dual battery configuration that extends the riding range to 100 miles. 

Bosch components help supercharge the Homage4, from the powerful Bosch Performance Line CX smart system motor that provides up to 85 Nm of torque for pedal assistance to optional ABS 2.0 brakes for maximum stopping power without skidding out. Bosch’s Flow app offers additional features like ride information, an e-bike alarm and tracking (with a subscription), and the ability to update the e-bike through Bluetooth. 

While I’ve mainly talked about what’s under the proverbial hood, the Homage4 looks like it’s been molded from one piece of metal—even the rear rack. Like all e-bikes, getting used to the shifting systems and peculiarities takes a moment, but Riese & Müller regularly put out bikes with steady, smooth transitions and cloud-like suspensions. In January 2024, PopSci tested out some new models on a ride through the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area on the outskirts of Las Vegas, which handled like a dream through turns and climbed 1,500 feet of elevation with no problems on auto-assist—a seamless, satisfying setting that varies mode based on rider effort.

Specs

• Motor: Shimano EP600 w/ 85Nm of maximum torque
•  Battery: Orbea Internal 630Wh
•  Removable battery: No
•  Riding range: Up to 90 miles
•  Class: 3
•  Throttle: N/A
•  Top speed: 28mph
•  Bike weight: 52 pounds
•  Carrying capacity: 300 pounds
•  Frame sizes: S, M, L, XL from 5.02″ to 6.76″

Pros

• Wraparound LED lights
• Four size options
• 85 Nm of torque
• Long range
• Bottle cage battery storage
• USB-C port for phone charging
• Airtag holder
• Weight-absorbing carbon fiber fork
• Steady increase when engaging pedal assistance

Cons

• Battery upgrade at the point of sale can get pricey

Spanish bike manufacturer Orbea set high expectations for its Diem line of commuter e-bikes by branding it with the tagline “The New A to B”—a declaration that this could be a body-moving benchmark for urban journeys. But our time with the Diem and its reception as the 2024 Cycling World Show’s “Product of the Year” (as well as its iF DESIGN AWARD 2024) prove it’s not just hype. Its long-range, powerful motor, optional low-maintenance belt drive with automatic shifting (there’s also a cheaper traditional chain drive model), plus thoughtful safety features like integrated position/alert lights make it an excellent choice for commuters looking to ditch their car or public transportation for short-distance trips to and from the office several times per week.

We rode through urban and suburban sections of Düsseldorf, Germany, on a Diem 20 (the mid-tier model, with Shimano’s Nexus Inter-5 internal gears, a Gates belt drive, and a max speed of 28 mph). From grassy parks by the riverside to well-trafficked streets at rush hour, we couldn’t find anything significant to complain about, no matter the terrain’s menu del dia. The bicycle was comfortable to ride, with a carbon fork and patented “Diamond Glide” frame geometry that absorb vibrations while aiding handling. In addition, it had a seat whose height could be adjusted on the fly by squeezing the lever. We made these adjustments over a dozen times during our ride, and they ensured consistent comfort regardless of the landscape’s incline.

The Diem 20 has a Shimano EP600 motor with three levels of pedal assist (ECO/TRAIL/BOOST), and the level you’re at is indicated by the LED color next to the speed increase and decrease buttons. Within minutes, it became second nature to cycle between these modes, keeping track of them in our head and looking down only for confirmation. We also rode the Diem 20 without pedal assistant enabled to confirm it was a smooth ride when propelled by legs alone. It was, so commuters who want the flexibility of pedal assist only when necessary to climb steep inclines will still be treated to a luxurious ride. And the Shimano disc brakes made sure the bike stopped as smoothly as it accelerated.

Orbea opted not to build a screen into any e-bike in the Diem line. Instead, you can pair the bike to your smartphone using an app, mount your device using a proprietary case developed by Orbea to clip into an area on the Diem’s handlebars, and monitor its battery life, your distance traveled, and other stats through that system. The bicycle has a USB-C port, so you can connect your phone to keep its battery topped up during longer rides. Another high-tech choice was including a secret slot for an AirTag, so you can keep track of your bicycle’s whereabouts when you chain it to a pole on the street.

One of the Diem line’s core tenants is the ability to customize the bicycle at the point of sale (typically high-end e-bike specialty stores). Orbea offers the Diem 10, 20, and 30 in four sizes, three colors, and two battery capacities each. Note that bumping up from the stock battery to a longer-lasting one can increase its price by up to $1,000. You can extend the ride time of any Diem bike by stashing an extra battery in its bottle holder, which is neat if you’re going on a 200+ mile trip and want to use pedal assistance nearly the whole time.

Orbea’s Diem e-bike is ideal for city dwellers frustrated at wasting hours a week in cramped trains or stuck in traffic just to move two or three miles. It offers newcomers and electric vehicle experts alike the freedom to come and go as they please on an aesthetically pleasing e-bike that will make a regular ride feel anything but routine. — Brandt Ranj

Specs

• Motor: 750W hub drive
• Battery: 92.8 Wh
• Removable battery: Yes
• Riding range: Up to 120 minutes
• Class: Not listed.
• Throttle: Yes
• Top speed: 15 mph
• Bike weight: 27 pounds
• Rider weight limit: 75 pounds
• Frame size: One size.

Who doesn’t remember pulling up to the first day of grade school on their sweet new e-trainer? Me, for one, but how times have changed. But with this electric balance bike, you can do just that with rad ’80s BMX style. Built for ages 4-8, this three-mode twist-throttle e-bike for kids lets young riders get up to speed with the two-wheel world in more ways than one, boosting confidence and mph (up to 15) as time passes. It’s a great choice once little ones have graduated from the passenger seat of their parents’ commuter bike but still think running a few errands is fun. And the moto-style saddle is made to grow into and adventure out on, as the empowering ride can go off-road just like the Irvine, Calif.-based company’s electric motorbikes for adults. 

Do you want a workout, a sweat-free ride, or the ability to switch between the two? With electric bikes, you can choose from pedal assist systems (PAS), throttle systems, or some models that combine them. If you want to get a workout in, a PAS e-bike is like riding a traditional bicycle, except you feel like you have superpowers. Choose how much assistance you want, ranging from none to a ton.

If you’re more interested in getting to work fresh as a daisy, consider an e-bike with a throttle system. They ride more like a scooter or a moped with a twist of a handle or press of the button sending you forward. Pedaling is optional. More manufacturers are releasing commuter bikes that feature that can between pedaling and 

Plenty of well-outfitted e-bikes fall between $1,800 and $4,000, though the sky’s really the limit for high-end models aiming to replace cars as a primary method of transportation. More expensive models usually have larger battery capacity, more powerful engines, and frames and components made of higher-quality, often lighter-weight materials. They may also incorporate more technology, like apps that unlock additional features or theft-deterrence systems. 

Comparing models—even by the same brand—requires looking at the specs of many different components. Why? Bikes aren’t made from top to bottom by a single manufacturer: One company may make the frame, while another makes the brakes, another handles the shifter, and still another builds the motor. 

Before you make a purchase, check to see if your state offers tax credits or rebates for electric bikes, like Colorado, Maine, Vermont, Minnesota, and Washington. 

Most states regulate electric bicycles like regular bicycles, which means no registration, licensing, or insurance requirements like a motor vehicle requires. (Check out the non-profit advocacy group People for Bikes’ guides for state laws.) However, which class an e-bike falls under also determines other operating rules, like minimum age for riders and helmet requirements. Here’s a breakdown:

• Class 1: a PAS motor that stops assistance at 20 mph.
• Class 2: a throttle motor that stops assistance at 20 mph.
• Class 3: a PAS motor that stops assistance at 28 mph. 

Specific paths, trails, or parks may prohibit e-bikes or specific classes (usually the faster Class 3). Check the rules of any part of your commute (or if you’re taking an electric mountain bike or fat tire e-bike out for an adventure). 

Just to make it more confusing, some bike manufacturers blur the lines between these classes or ship a bike at Class 1 that can be “unlocked” to a Class 3. But remember: 20 mph on a bike is really fast, especially if you need to stop frequently for street intersections or traffic lights. 

The first step in picking an electric bike for commuting is knowing the distance of your route (and back) and a good understanding of the terrain. Every e-bike publishes an estimated range for how long batteries will last, but “estimate” is the keyword. Your weight, your cargo, the number and steepness of hills, and the assist level affect how long a battery lasts. In other words, an e-bike riding along a flat patch on the lowest assist level can go much farther than when it’s going uphill on the highest assist level. Find a bike range that includes the back and forth of your ride to work with miles to spare, or you might run out of juice. 

Form matters some, too. Integrated batteries can’t be removed, which means you have to charge the whole bike when it’s time. The upside is no one can steal your battery. Removable batteries can be taken out to easily charge or swap in an extra to extend your range. However, they also introduce more seams where dust and water could seep in.

One of the main complaints about electric bikes is their size and weight. An average e-bike will be between 50 and 65 pounds and feature an extended wheelbase to ensure a stable ride. And that’s just the average. Some moped-style bikes or models with more suspension and fatter tires can easily weigh over 70 pounds. That heft may be perfectly fine for people with garages or first-floor dwellings, but it can be challenging for anyone who needs to maneuver a bike up and down stairs, fit one in an elevator, or lift onto a bus rack.

More and more lighter-weight e-bikes are being unveiled, ranging between 30 and 40 pounds. These can be far easier to maneuver on the road and to storage. The trade-off is that they often feel stiff and lack any suspension features. 

Consider where you’ll store the bike and whether you have the muscle power—especially at the end of a long workday—to get it there. Folding electric bikes offer another easier-to-stow option.

Dozens of features on a bike change the feel of it, from fat tires that absorb bumps to a saddle so comfy you want to ride forever. For e-bikes, the type of motor significantly changes the feel of a ride. Mid-drive motors are located at the pedals and feel the most like a traditional bike. This style is considered more efficient because it takes advantage of the bike’s gearing system, but they’re best for more seasoned riders who know when to shift and want maximum power for their effort. I’ve seen newbies struggle to get started—or scarier, lurch forward—when the gearing is off.

Hub motors are housed within the—usually rear—wheel, offering a more gentle level of assistance. It can feel slower to kick in, but it often feels like the push mom or dad gave to get your bike riding journey started. Somewhat paradoxically, I like this style for beginners who don’t want to fuss with too many gears or seasoned cyclists who still want to get some exercise on a ride.

Plenty of e-bikes are sold as direct-to-consumer products that will arrive directly at your door. The best of these companies ship mostly assembled bikes with good literature, how-to videos, and send the tools you will need. Can you build your own bike? Probably. But the right question is, “Should you?” If you are familiar with bike parts or building traditional bikes, know how to properly use torque wrenches, and have some patience and confidence, go right ahead. If you aren’t, many local bike shops will receive your delivery and assemble the bike for you. Around the D.C. area, the going rate for assembly is about $200.

Some little things you can do are maintain proper tire pressure, use lower pedal assist modes, and avoid relying exclusively on the motor for throttle bikes. Occasionally, I have pushed the edge of my range and ended up with just 10 percent of battery life but a few miles to go. In those times, I grit my teeth and turn off assistance, saving whatever juice remains for hills. 

Alternatively, you could carry a second battery as backup, though they will add significant weight to the ride. Some bike models also offer higher-capacity batteries as an additional purchase.

Oh boy, can they! Some cyclists go out of their way to test their mettle against a steep hill, while others go out of their way to avoid them. Anyone in the latter camp will enjoy how the different assistance levels of an e-bike can make a super long, slow incline feel flat or a sharp slope a manageable climb. How easy it will be depends on your fitness, the bike’s gear options, and how powerful the motor is. An e-bike is still a bike, so there may be occasions that you’ll need to adjust to a lower gear or stand on the pedals to get over the peak, but it will likely reduce how often you dismount and push your bike.

The quick answer is yes, though heavy or very intense rain should be avoided. Never ride through a puddle or standing water that would submerge the motor. Wet roads deserve respect, so slow down and give yourself more space for braking.

E-bikes can cost anywhere from $1,000 to more than $10,000; however, plenty of well-outfitted models fall between $2,000 and $3,000. Expect to see more premium features in the $4,000 and $6,000 price range. Yes, e-bikes start at higher price points than traditional bicycles, plus they require charging and weigh more. And they still require maintenance; eventually, batteries will degrade and need replacing. But they have their advantages. However, if you’re on a budget and feeling handy, there are kits to convert a bike to an e-bike.

• Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Current
• Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3
• Best e-bike for commutes under 5 miles: JackRabbit OG2
• Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT
• Best single-speed electric commuter bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro
• Best gravel e-bike for commuting: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 600 2x
• Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through
• Best splurge electric commuter bike: Riese & Muller Homage4
• Also worth considering: Orbea Diem 20
• Best electric balance bike for kids: SUPER73-K1D

Much like cars, there’s an e-bike model for nearly every type of rider, ranging from people who haven’t touched a pedal since childhood to longtime, hardcore cyclists. If tooling around occasionally is your thing, a budget electric bike may work. But for commuting, we recommend investing in one of our picks above, which can withstand the wear and tear of regular riding in all sorts of weather.

The post The best electric commuter bikes for 2024, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

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In an increasingly urbanized world, the role of nature within our communities has never been more important. The need to integrate trees and green spaces is essential not only for environmental sustainability but also for the health and well-being of residents. Community forestry, the practice of involving local communities in the management and care of community forests, stands as a key strategy to address these needs. By fostering a close relationship between people and their natural surroundings, community forestry ensures that the many benefits of trees are recognized, valued, and preserved for future generations.

The Los Angeles County Community Forest Management Plan (CFMP) was developed to address gaps in tree coverage and expand the benefits of trees to underserved communities. Through collaboration with key departments like Parks and Recreation, Public Health, and Public Works, as well as community-based organizations and residents, the CFMP aims to increase tree canopy coverage, focusing on areas that lack parks and green spaces. The Plan also addresses emerging threats, such as climate change and invasive pests, by implementing science-based practices and prioritizing community engagement to ensure a sustainable, inclusive approach to tree management and expansion.

The CFMP seeks to create a more equitable community forest through initiatives like increasing tree canopy in vulnerable areas, enhancing tree health and longevity, fostering community engagement, and preparing the community forest to adapt to climate challenges. By involving residents in all aspects of community forestry, L.A. County is building a foundation for long-term support and resilience. This forward-thinking plan not only benefits current residents but also paves the way for a healthier and greener future, particularly in communities historically impacted by environmental injustices.

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• Forestry
• Urban Forestry

Three years after a law allowing lot splitting was passed in California, San Diego is starting to see its effects as homeowners sell off or build on previously unused parts of their properties. 

According to a KPBS article by Andrew Bowen, “SB 9, or the California HOME Act, allows homeowners to split their lots in two and build up to two homes on each parcel — even if local zoning restricts the property to a single detached house.” 

The bill’s passage in 2021 was considered a victory for housing advocates who want to lower barriers to building more housing, but cities and homeowner groups continue to fight the law in courts and through more creative means.

“It does take a while for the general public to know about the law, and for planning departments to adjust to state laws,” says Muhammad Alameldin, a policy associate at UC Berkeley's Terner Center for Housing Innovation. For the law to make an impact on the housing supply, builders who specialize in small-scale infill can help homeowners understand the process and access resources to lower the costs of construction, Bowen writes. Cities including Sacramento and Los Angeles are also working to eliminate barriers and reduce costs for homeowners in other ways, such as issuing pre-approved plans for accessory dwelling units (ADUs).  

• San Diego
• SB 9
• State Preemption
• Housing Supply
• Housing Crisis
• Lot Splitting
• Accessory Dwelling Units
• Density
• housing affordability
• Affordable Housing

Marine biologists are inching closer to understanding the ins and outs of sperm whale communication. But in order to decode what the cetaceans are saying, they must first need to find them and know where they will surface. This is no easy feat, since sperm whales can dive over 10,000 feet andstay way below the surface for up to 60 minutes. Their habitats themselves stretch for thousands of miles. 

Now, scientists from Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative) and Harvard University are proposing a new method for finding sperm whales and predicting where they will surface using autonomous robots and a rich combination of sensor data. The method is detailed in a study published October 30 in the journal Science Robotics. 

[Related: Sperm whales may have their own ‘alphabet.’]

This method is a chance for scientists to test out new algorithms, sensing data, and artificial intelligence in a challenging environment. First launched in 2020, Project CETI is working to collect vocalizations to decipher how sperm whales communicate with one another. They have used tags affixed to the whales to track them in real-time and customized drones to follow their behaviors.

The new study uses various sensing devices, including aerial drones equipped with very high frequency (VHF) signal sensing capability. These devices can use leverage signal phase and the drone’s motion to imitate an “antenna array in air.” This can help estimate which direction pings from one of the tagged whales CETI is tracking is traveling. 

According to the team, this shows how to predict when and where a sperm whale may surface using sensor data to predict their dive behavior. With that data, Project CETI can now create algorithms for the most efficient route for a drone to or encounter a whale at the ocean’s surface. In the future, this could be applied to conservation methods, including helping ships avoid hitting whales when they are surfacing. 

They call this method the Autonomous Vehicles for Whale Tracking And Rendezvous by remote Sensing (AVATARS) framework. It uses two interrelated components–autonomy and sensing. Autonomy determines the positioning commands for autonomous robots deployed to increase the chances of visually spotting whales. Sensing measures the angle-of-arrival from whale tags to better inform the decision-making process of where to deploy the robots. The data taken from autonomous drones, surfaced tags, underwater sensors, and whale motion models from previous biological studies of sperm whales are all put into the AVATARS autonomous decision-making algorithm, which then aims to minimize missed opportunities to rendezvous with sperm whales.

[Related: Sperm whale clans tell each other apart by their accents.]

A similar and more well-known application of this kind of time-critical rendezvous method is in rideshare apps. They use real-time sensing to note the changing paths and positions to connect drivers with potential riders. When a rider requests a ride, the app can assign a driver to get to the rider as quickly and efficiently as possible. According to the team, Project CETI’s new method works in a similar way, by tracking the whales in real-time with the eventual goal of coordinating the drone’s rendezvous to meet the whale at the surface. 

“I’m excited to contribute to this breakthrough for Project CETI,” study co-author and Harvard University computer scientist Stephanie Gil said in a statement. “By leveraging autonomous systems and advanced sensor integration, we’re able to solve key challenges in tracking and studying whales in their natural habitats. This is not only a technological advancement, but also a critical step in helping us understand the complex communications and behaviors of these creatures.” 

The post New method for finding sperm whales kind of works like a rideshare app appeared first on Popular Science.

• MacBook Pro with M4 Max (16-core CPU): 26,675 multi-core score (highest result), 26,445 multi-core score (3 results)



• Mac mini with M4 Pro (14-core CPU): 22,094 multi-core score (11 results)



• Mac Studio with M2 Ultra (24-core CPU): 21,351 (More than 600 results)

Tired of the same old vacation getaway? Looking for something out of this world? Book a weekend stay at a LEO Island resort. All our Low Earth Orbit hotels are a mere 100 miles from any shuttle station on Earth. Or climb aboard an orbital cruise—our latest line of LEO space yachts offer private suites with sweeping views, nightly concerts, artificial-gravity swimming pools, saunas, and weightless sports. If only it were true.

For the average Earthling, touring space may still be the stuff of science fiction, but in 2000, Popular Science published a story by contributing writer Dan Cray, predicting that such luxury vacations might be available as soon as 2007. A lot of things had to go right to get space tourism off the ground, especially in such a short timeframe. Nearly a quarter of a century later, we’ve made some progress, but 2007 was uber-optimistic even for the uber-wealthy.

The hype and excitement began about a decade earlier, in 1990, when Japanese journalist Toyohiro Akiyama became the first civilian to travel to space. The eight-day mission, dubbed Mir Kosmoreporter, ferried Akiyama on a Soviet Soyuz rocket to the Mir space station. Akiyama’s ticket was funded by the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), who paid the Soviets an undisclosed amount, but likely more than $12 million. Akiyama’s nightly broadcasts during his stay weren’t exactly glowing reviews for space tourism, although TBS did enjoy an initial bump in viewership and ratings. In December 1990, The New York Times called Akiyama space’s antihero: “Mr. Akiyama spent a lot of time [during nightly broadcasts] describing the uglier details of space sickness. A chain smoker, he repeatedly longed for a cigarette. His brain, he complained, felt as if it was ‘floating around in my head.’ Told to pack light, he failed to bring along enough underwear.”

In 2001, several months after Cray’s Popular Science article, US venture capitalist Dennis Tito, who worked for NASA early in his career, would become the second civilian to escape Earth’s tug, and the first American space tourist. The price tag: $20 million.

If Akiyama’s week-long beat as a cosmonaut ignited the fuse for space tourism by demonstrating civilians could travel to space, it was the anticipation of Tito’s trip that gave it oxygen a decade later. “Space enthusiasts say the resulting publicity promises to spark the interest of investment capitalists,” Cray wrote, referring to Tito’s upcoming space odyssey. At the time, more than half a dozen space tourism companies and organizations, which had sprung up in the 1990s, were already forecasting rosy business trajectories in the coming decade despite no track record of delivering anything or anyone to space.

Some space tourism enthusiasts, like Buzz Aldrin—the celebrated American astronaut who followed Neil Armstrong onto the Moon’s surface in July 1969—focused their efforts on developing affordable means to get to space. Aldrin founded ShareSpace in 1998 to promote space tourism as something for everyone, not just the ultrarich. He also founded Starcraft Boosters in 1996 to design reusable booster rockets, developing rudimentary hardware for NASA. 

Jeffrey Manber—an entrepreneur who still works at the forefront of space missions, currently as an executive at Voyager Space—served as CEO of MirCorp. MirCorp was a private joint venture formed in the 1990s between the US and Russia to commercialize access to Russia’s Mir space station before it was deorbited in 2001. 

Other enthusiasts focused on hospitality. Robert Bigelow, founder of the terrestrial Budget Suites hotel chain, set his sights and deep pockets on developing inflatable space habitats, launching Bigelow Aerospace in 1999. The Space Island Group, founded by Gene Meyers in the mid-1990s, drew up plans to convert spent US space shuttle fuel tanks into habitats. Space Island Group’s designers proposed leaving empty 747-sized shuttle fuel tanks in orbit, where they could be refurbished into dwellings. 

Since vacationing in space comes with unique logistical challenges, Virginia-based Space Adventures, founded in 1998, recognized that wealthy private citizens would need help coordinating their trips, negotiating with space agencies, and preparing for their zero-gravity getaways. In 1996, the Space Tourism Society sought to create a community of like-minded enthusiasts to share resources, attend conferences, and attract sponsors. 

With few exceptions, like Space Adventures and the Space Tourism Society, most of the companies and organizations that formed in the 1990s to pursue space tourism are either defunct or have changed their mission to something less ambitious. ShareSpace now offers educational resources for school children, and Bigelow Aerospace has been inactive since 2019. But in their wakes, a new slew of companies have filled the space tourism vacuum. Mostly founded by billionaires and international aerospace companies, the new generation have much deeper pockets and resources than their predecessors, making space tourism seem a lot more likely—for space-yachting billionaires, at least.

In the last two decades, rocket launch companies have sprung up across the globe, tripling the number of orbital launches since 2000, mostly to install satellites. SpaceX even made news recently by returning a large booster to its launchpad. Reusable rockets had been a space tourism affordability prerequisite cited by 1990s experts like Aldrin. 

In 2024, Earthlings also witnessed the first commercial space walk by a private citizen—billionaire Jared Isaacman. But his sensational debut wasn’t exactly a harbinger of a budding space tourism industry. By some estimates, Isaacman paid an astronomical $200 million for the privilege to walk in space—hardly a price tag that would spur demand even for the ultrarich.

Today, space tourism companies fall into either the orbital or suborbital variety. On suborbital trips, like those offered by Virgin Galactic, founded by Sir Richard Branson in 2004, and Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos’s aerospace company, the spacecraft travels to where space starts and Earth’s atmosphere ends, about 60 miles above sea level. Because the spacecraft never enters a stable orbit, which would require traveling another 40 miles to enter Low Earth Orbit, the journeys are short—a couple hours round trip. Still, passengers get to see Earth clearly and experience a few minutes of weightlessness.

As the name suggests, orbital space tourism involves taking passengers into orbit. As of September 2024, SpaceX had launched five commercial flights, delivering private citizens for short stays either on the International Space Station or in Low Earth Orbit. It was SpaceX’s Polaris Dawn mission that enabled Isaacman to become the first private citizen to walk in space. Space Adventures, which is one of the few 1990s space tourism companies still around, has facilitated several private citizen flights, connecting clients with orbital missions, primarily on Roscosmos, Russia’s space flight program. 

Space tourism today is as replete with grand visions and ideas as it was a quarter century ago. Blue Origin, for instance, has drawn up plans for an Orbital Reef, a commercial, mixed-use destination for “commerce, research, tourism, and more,” according to its website. Space Adventures is already promoting circumlunar missions: “We will take you to within a few hundred kilometers of the Moon’s surface,” they advertise. “You will see the illuminated far side of the Moon, and then witness the amazing sight of the Earth rising above the surface of the Moon.” The catch? There is no mission yet planned to circle the Moon other than NASA’s crewed Artemis II mission in 2025. 

The space tourism industry may still suffer from a supernova-sized helping of hype, as it did twenty-five years ago, but today there are many more companies with more resources, and a growing track record of successful commercial flights. 

If there’s a silver lining to the excessive hype, Americans have no expectation that they’ll be shuttling off to space resorts anytime soon, or taking luxury tours of the Moon. Besides Space Adventures, travel companies are just not clamoring to enter the space tourism business. And while a 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that 55 percent of Americans do expect space tourism to become routine, they don’t expect it to be available to the masses for another half century. Unless you have a $100 million or so to spare, off-world vacations still seem, well, a long way off.

The post The uber-optimistic history and prolonged future of space tourism appeared first on Popular Science.

Is autonomous ride-hailing “an asset to cities and transit agencies?” In a piece for Bloomberg CityLab, David Zipper questions this assertion, which robotaxi companies are eager to make. “Transit-robotaxi synergy is an enticing message at a time when public transportation agencies face a dire funding shortage, and it could especially resonate among left-leaning residents in places like the Bay Area who value buses and trains even if they seldom use them.”

But the industry is “a wolf in sheep’s clothing,” Zipper warns. After outlining the potential problems with a Waymo promotion that encourages people to get dropped off at Bay Area transit stations, Zipper notes that “According to a 2022 study of the region, just 0.4% of the region’s transit journeys included a ride-hail trip.”

Automobiles inflict damage that many cities are now trying to reverse by encouraging transit or biking, which are far more space-efficient and sustainable than even an electric car, autonomous or not.

Zipper adds that autonomous ride-hailing will likely follow the same pattern as its human-driven predecessors, which did not yield an increase in transit trips and often created more congestion. “In fact, a surge in self-driving cars would likely be a net negative for transit (even if the vehicles do not squat on transit lines and bus stations, as has happened repeatedly in San Francisco).”

• Robotaxis
• Autonomous Vehicles
• Self-Driving Cars
• Ride-Hailing
• Public Transit

The Seoul Metropolitan Government recently concluded its Reading in Seoul Garden event, a free initiative held every Friday and Saturday from September to October in two popular parks—Namsan Park and Dream Forest. Designed to encourage reading and relaxation, the event transformed park areas into inviting spaces filled with books, camping chairs, and bean bags, creating a peaceful atmosphere where visitors of all ages could immerse themselves in literature. By combining nature with literary activities, the program provided Seoul residents a unique way to appreciate the city’s autumnal beauty while enjoying a good read.

To enhance accessibility and broaden the reading experience, the event collaborated with Welaaa, a digital platform for audiobooks and e-books. Through a designated Welaaa Zone, visitors could access digital books on their devices, expanding the traditional reading experience to include more tech-savvy options. Special activities enriched the event, such as a book talk show in Namsan Park featuring Kim Shin-ji, author of Seasonal Happiness, who discussed Korea’s seasonal divisions, followed by a Q&A session with the audience and a musical performance by singer Yangpa, known for her love of literature.

Dream Forest, a favorite spot for families, offered a lineup of puppet shows based on classic fairy tales, held across four Saturdays. These engaging performances captivated young audiences, blending education with entertainment, making the park visit a memorable experience for families with children. Highlighting Seoul’s Garden-City Bureau’s commitment to fostering community, Lee Su-yeon, head of the bureau, expressed hope that the event allowed families and friends to bond over books, making the most of the fall season’s serene, scenic charm in Seoul’s urban parks.

• Seoul
• South Korea
• Books
• Reading
• Parks
• Green Space

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